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The latest news and blog posts from the World Nano Foundation.
The Cryogenic Innovation Enhancing Stretchable Nanocomposites for Bioelectronic Devices
In a recent leap forward in bioelectronic technology, a team of researchers has unveiled a pioneering strategy that employs stretchable and conductive nanocomposites. This novel approach is critical to enhancing the performance of wearable devices, such as electronics that mimic the skin and boosting the functionality of implantable bioelectronics and soft robotics. The traditional methodologies in this domain have consistently faced challenges in amalgamating fragile electrode materials with pliable polymers, primarily due to the stark mechanical discrepancies between these elements. This has been a notable hurdle in crafting ultra-thin, flexible, conductive, efficient, and durable nanocomposites.
A notable material that has gained attention for its potential in this field is laser-induced graphene (LIG), created by subjecting polyimide (PI) to laser irradiation. LIG is celebrated for its digital patterning ability, versatile physical and chemical attributes, and applicability in crafting a range of wearable sensors. Nevertheless, the integration of LIG into functional devices has been hindered by its brittle nature and limited compatibility with specific substrates.
To surmount these challenges, the research team introduced a groundbreaking LIG-hydrogel-based nanocomposite that is ultra-thin and geared towards multifaceted use, such as on-skin sensors and implantable bioelectronics. The cornerstone of this innovation is a unique cryogenic transfer method, whereby LIG is transferred onto a hydrogel film at a cryogenic temperature of 77 Kelvin (around -196°C). This technique addresses the mechanical mismatch issue by employing the hydrogel as a medium for energy dissipation and electrical conduction, enabling seamless integration of the LIG with the hydrogel.
A significant triumph of this methodology is the dramatic improvement in the LIG's inherent stretchability. The process engenders continuously deflected cracks within the LIG, which enhances its stretchability by over fivefold. This development heralds a new era in the construction of carbon-hydrogel-based stretchable nanocomposites that are ultra-thin and exceptionally strong, setting the stage for integrated sensor systems in wearable and implantable bioelectronics.
Kaichen Xu, the study’s lead investigator, discussed the limitations of traditional LIG transfer techniques, which necessitated thicker substrates for adequate transfer, thus limiting their usability in bioelectronics. Xu and his team bypassed these obstacles through the cryogenic transfer method, utilising an ultra-thin, adhesive hydrogel made from polyvinyl alcohol, phytic acid, and honey (PPH).
The study further delves into molecular dynamics calculations, revealing an increased interfacial binding energy between the graphene and the hydrogel's crystallised water at cryogenic temperatures. This observation was supported by a peeling test, which indicated a significant rise in the peeling force at 77 Kelvin, underscoring the efficacy of the cryogenic process in enhancing the graphene-hydrogel interface's durability.
The versatility of this transfer technology was further demonstrated by the successful transfer of LIG onto various hydrogels. It was noted, however, that only adhesive hydrogels could maintain a stable mechanical binding interface when subjected to tensile strain.
The practical implications of this breakthrough are vast. The researchers have adeptly integrated multimodal sensor components into a multi-functional wearable sensor sheet tailored for on-skin in vitro monitoring. This was achieved by combining laser direct writing and the cryogenic transfer technique. The ultra-thin and biocompatible nature of the micropatterned LIG-based nanocomposites facilitates their seamless integration with living tissues. In a significant application, the team demonstrated the potential of this technology by monitoring cardiac signals in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, highlighting the possibilities for real-time, in situ monitoring of vital biological functions.
This advancement in stretchable graphene-hydrogel interfaces represents a significant milestone in bioelectronic technology. This research paves the way for developing advanced wearable and implantable bioelectronics by addressing the longstanding challenge of mechanical mismatch in conductive nanocomposites. These devices promise to revolutionise our interaction with and monitoring of biological systems, potentially leading to breakthroughs in medical diagnostics, personalised healthcare, and human-machine interfaces.
Under the leadership of Kaichen Xu, this research presents a viable approach for creating ultra-thin, stretchable nanocomposites and lays the groundwork for future innovations in bioelectronics. The work emphasises the critical role of interdisciplinary collaboration in overcoming technical barriers and advancing technological frontiers for improving human health and well-being.
Nanotechnology's Role in Technology Advancements
Nanotechnology, an interdisciplinary scientific domain, attracts significant investments due to its potential to revolutionise various industries. The manipulation of matter at the nanoscale introduces inventive solutions. It imparts novel properties to materials, impacting diverse sectors from healthcare to aerospace—this expansive scope for innovation and industrial progress positions nanotechnology as a beautiful area for investment.
Insights from Case Studies
Applied Materials (AMAT), a leader in several high-tech sectors, has surpassed financial expectations, indicating its undervaluation in the market. Considering the complexity and competitiveness of the industries it serves, this noteworthy performance can be attributed to AMAT's strategic focus on developing advanced materials and technologies at the nanoscale. These advancements are pivotal for the next generation of electronic devices. The company's consistent ability to innovate and adapt to the evolving technological landscape makes it a standout investment in nanotechnology.
Enphase Energy (ENPH) plays a crucial role in the solar photovoltaic industry with its pioneering microinverters and energy storage products. The company's emphasis on integrating nanotechnology into renewable energy solutions sets it apart, which is evident in its robust financial metrics and market confidence. Beyond its current achievements, Enphase is strategically expanding its global footprint, leveraging its technology to transform energy consumption patterns. This positions the company not only as a leader in renewable energy but also as a driving force in the practical application of nanotechnology in everyday life.
Nano Dimension (NNDM), an innovator in 3D-printed nanostructures, is reshaping the landscape of nanotechnology investments through an aggressive growth strategy. Pursuing significant acquisitions and share buybacks, NNDM is enhancing its market position and showcasing the scalable and transformative potential of nanotechnology in the manufacturing sector. The company's focus on additive manufacturing at the nanoscale exemplifies how nanotechnology can be the cornerstone of next-generation manufacturing processes, providing investors with a unique opportunity to be part of this cutting-edge technological evolution.
As we witness the remarkable strides made by companies such as Applied Materials, Enphase Energy, and Nano Dimension, it becomes evident that nanotechnology is not just a scientific field but a catalyst for groundbreaking industrial progress. The global nanotechnology market, projected to grow from USD 79.14 billion in 2023 to USD 248.56 billion by 2030 at a CAGR of 17.8%, underscores the immense potential for those venturing into this transformative domain.
Conclusion
The case studies of Applied Materials, Enphase Energy, and Nano Dimension underscore the dynamic and promising nature of investments in nanotechnology. Through their innovative approaches and strategic growth, these companies demonstrate that nanotechnology is not merely a scientific field but a key driver of future technological and industrial advancements. As we look towards a future marked by continuous innovation, nanotechnology stands as a beacon of potential, promising substantial returns for those who invest in its expansive horizon.
Environmental Solutions Shaped by Nanotechnology Enterprises
In an era once dominated by futuristic speculation, nanotechnology has seamlessly transitioned into the forefront of today's technological landscape. The potential it holds, especially in environmental solutions, has sparked a wave of sustainability and innovation. This article delves into the narratives of five leading companies in the nanotechnology sector, each playing a crucial role in shaping a more sustainable and efficient future.
Aether Biomachines Harnessing Nature for Sustainable Progress
Nestled in Menlo Park, CA, Aether Biomachines spearheads nanotechnology with a mission to leverage nature's machinery for human advancement. Their groundbreaking work involves reverse-engineering natural processes to create products with atomic precision, revolutionizing environmental sustainability. By manipulating atomic arrangements, Aether Biomachines pioneers materials and technologies that are both innovative and eco-friendly. With a focus on 3D printing, renewable energy, and biotechnology, they stand as key players in steering the future towards abundant and sustainable resources.
Aether's philosophy revolves around the intelligent application of natural processes, guiding their research and development to achieve breakthroughs in efficient material and energy production. Their impact extends beyond creating eco-friendly products; they are reshaping industries' perspectives on production and resource utilization, exemplifying how nanotechnology can pave the way for a greener tomorrow.
Micron Technology Redefining Data Storage and Energy Efficiency
A global leader in memory solutions, Micron Technology is reshaping how the world utilizes information. Through innovative nanotechnology applications in memory and storage systems, they contribute significantly to the advancement of sustainable data management technologies. Their products span a range of devices, from smartphones to data centers, all demanding high energy efficiency and reliability.
Micron's approach has broader environmental implications, developing memory systems that are more energy-efficient and compact, reducing the carbon footprint of electronic devices and data centers. In the era of big data and IoT, where data volume and storage needs are ever-expanding, Micron's commitment to sustainability is evident in optimizing energy use and minimizing product waste. They emerge as a key contributor to the shift towards environmentally responsible technology.
Actnano Pioneering Water-Resistant Technology
In the realm of intelligent coatings, Actnano, headquartered in Cambridge, MA, is making significant strides with nanotechnology solutions. Specializing in creating layers that render electronic devices water-resistant, their innovation is crucial in protecting a range of electronics from automotive systems to personal gadgets, mitigating water damage—a common cause of electronic waste.
Actnano's nanocoatings not only enhance device durability but also contribute to reducing electronic waste. Prolonging electronics' lifespan directly impacts resource consumption and waste reduction in the electronics industry. Their technology also enables functionality preservation in harsh environments, playing a critical role in developing more resilient and sustainable electronic products.
6K Transforming Material Production Sustainably
Operating out of North Andover, MA, 6K is revolutionizing advanced material production with their UniMelt® microwave plasma technology. Designed to replace environmentally unfriendly traditional manufacturing processes, this technology focuses on additive manufacturing and battery storage materials, showcasing a steadfast commitment to sustainability.
The UniMelt® system's efficiency and environmental friendliness stand out, converting materials like CNC scrap into premium powder in additive manufacturing, dramatically reducing waste and energy consumption. Similarly, it significantly reduces pollutants, water usage, and energy consumption in battery material production, presenting a groundbreaking solution for preserving and pursuing sustainable manufacturing processes.
Cerion Nanomaterials Leading the Charge in Sustainable Nanomaterials
Situated in Rochester, NY, Cerion Nanomaterials is a frontrunner in the design and manufacturing of nanomaterials. They provide metal, metal oxide, and ceramic nanomaterials for various industries, emphasizing precision design and customization of nanoparticle size and technical attributes.
Cerion's approach to nanotechnology is deeply rooted in sustainability, breaking down barriers in adopting advanced nanomaterials by providing scalable solutions. Their contribution lies not only in creating advanced materials but also in doing so in a manner that fosters environmental responsibility and sustainability, making sustainable nanotechnology solutions more accessible and cost-effective.
Conclusion
These five companies exemplify the diverse and impactful ways nanotechnology addresses environmental challenges. From creating sustainable materials and manufacturing processes to enhancing the durability and efficiency of consumer products, they stand at the forefront of a movement towards a more sustainable and technologically advanced future. Their innovations not only promise a greener tomorrow but also underscore nanotechnology's potential in driving sustainable development across various sectors.
The Rise of Quantum Dots in Modern Technology
Quantum dots, small semiconductor nanocrystals, are spearheading advancements in several industries including renewable energy, biomedical applications, and display technology. These nanocrystals, varying in size and composition, emit light across a spectrum from ultraviolet to infrared. Their distinct characteristics, such as broad absorption spectra, high quantum efficiency, significant Stokes shift, remarkable photostability, and high molar extinction coefficients, render them essential in contemporary technology.
In renewable energy, especially in solar energy conversion, quantum dots are making significant strides. Quantum dot solar cells (QDSC) have improved solar energy conversion efficiency, leading to enhanced electricity production and reduced heat generation. This progress is vital for sustainable and cost-effective solar energy solutions.
In the biomedical arena, quantum dots are transforming medical imaging and biosensor technologies, offering critical breakthroughs in diagnosing and treating diseases like cancer. Their precise imaging capabilities and targeted drug delivery systems are crucial in medical technology.
Quantum dots also revolutionize display technology by offering benefits such as longer lifespan, vibrant colors, cost-effective production, and lower power consumption. These advantages are crucial in the evolution of next-generation display technologies.
The global quantum dots market, reflecting their increasing importance, reached a valuation of US$ 6.5 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow to US$ 25.4 billion by 2028, with a CAGR of 23.4% from 2023 to 2028. This growth indicates rising demand for quantum dots in various applications.
Market growth is also fueled by the replacement of traditional fluorophores with quantum dots in applications like microarrays, immunoassays, and fluorescence imaging. Quantum dots enable cost-efficient production of innovative technologies.
Leading the market are companies such as QD Vision and Cyrium Technologies. QD Vision, with an investment of over USD 130 million, specializes in quantum dot solutions for display technology, supplying substrates to OEMs and holding nearly 250 patents. Cyrium Technologies, with USD 21 million in investment, focuses on quantum dot-enhanced Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV) technology, offering improved solar cells at the lowest cost of ownership.
Conclusion
The quantum dots market is set for significant growth, driven by their unmatched capabilities in various sectors. As a foundation of technological innovation, quantum dots are crucial for a future rich in progress and development. The efforts of key market players are not only enhancing current applications but also opening doors to new discoveries in nanotechnology.
White Paper Harnessing Nanotechnology for Advanced Water Treatment Solutions
Introduction
Water scarcity and contamination are becoming increasingly prevalent issues globally. While there are traditional methods of water treatment available, the efficiency, cost, and environmental impacts of these methods are often limiting.
As the world grapples with these challenges, the potential of nanotechnology in water treatment emerges as a beacon of hope, offering innovative solutions to our growing water needs.
This white paper delves into the realm of nanotechnology and its implications for revolutionising water treatment processes.
Understanding the Water Crisis and the Nano Solution
Water is indispensable, yet many regions worldwide struggle with inadequate access to clean and safe drinking water. Pollutants such as heavy metals, pathogens, and organic contaminants pose significant threats.
Enter nanotechnology - a groundbreaking advancement at the molecular and atomic level. This technology has the potential to change the dynamics of water treatment, making it more efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable.
Global Challenge and Nanoscale Innovations in Water Treatment
The global challenge of ensuring clean water for all has become one of the most pressing concerns of our age. According to the World Health Organization, nearly 2.2 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water services. With the increasing threat of climate change, urbanisation, and industrial pollution, the sources of freshwater are becoming more limited and contaminated.
Innovations at this minute scale hold transformative power for the future of water treatment. The following are some of the ways they're making an impact:
1. Targeted Contaminant Removal: Nanoparticles can be designed to specifically target and bind with contaminants like heavy metals, making their removal more efficient. For instance, iron oxide nanoparticles can be employed to separate arsenic from water magnetically.
2. Advanced Catalysis: Nano-catalysts, when exposed to sunlight, can break down organic contaminants in water. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles, for instance, can degrade harmful compounds when activated by UV light, offering an energy-efficient purification method.
A report by National Library Medicine said: “Both CNTs and nanometals (see section on Nanometals and nanometal oxides) are highly effective nanoadsorbents for the removal of heavy metals such as arsenic. With regard to this application field, nanometals and zeolites benefit from their cost-effectiveness and compatibility with existing water treatment systems since they can be implemented in pellets and beads for fixed absorbers.”
3. Bacterial Disinfection: Nanosilver particles exhibit potent antimicrobial properties. They can effectively kill harmful bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens when embedded in water filters, ensuring microbiologically safe water.
4. Efficient Desalination: On the nanoscale, membranes can be designed with precision to exclude salt ions and allow water molecules to pass through. Such membranes can revolutionise desalination, making it more energy-efficient and effective.
5. Nano-adsorbents: Materials like carbon nanotubes have shown immense potential as adsorbents. Their large surface area and high reactivity make them suitable for capturing and holding a broad range of contaminants from water.
Potential Barriers to Entry in Water Treatment
· High Initial Costs: Setting up water treatment facilities, especially those harnessing the latest nanotechnologies, requires a substantial upfront investment. This includes the costs of research, materials, equipment, and infrastructure.
· Complex Regulatory Landscape: Given the potential health and environmental implications, the water treatment sector is stringently regulated. New entrants must navigate a maze of local, national, and sometimes international regulations, permits, and standards.
· Technical Expertise: Understanding and effectively deploying nanotechnologies in water treatment requires deep technical know-how. There's a growing demand for skilled professionals in this interdisciplinary domain, which merges nanotechnology, chemistry, environmental science, and engineering.
· Public Perception and Trust: With the introduction of any new technology, especially one that affects a critical resource like water, there's a need to build trust with the public. Addressing concerns, misinformation, and potential fears about nanotechnologies is crucial.
· Environmental Concerns: There are concerns about the long-term environmental impact of introducing nanoparticles into water systems. Ensuring that these nanomaterials don't have unintended negative consequences on the environment is vital.
· Scalability Challenges: While nanotechnologies can prove effective in lab settings, scaling them up for large-scale, real-world applications can pose challenges. Ensuring consistent results and performance at larger scales is often a hurdle.
Size of the Market in Water Treatment
In 2022 the global water and wastewater treatment market was valued at approximately USD 295 billion. It is projected to experience significant growth, with expectations to reach around USD 572.2 billion by 2032. This expansion represents a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.9% from 2023 to 2032.
A report emphasised the contributing factors to this growth, stating:
"Rapid industrialisation, especially in emerging economies, is escalating groundwater contamination levels. Recognising the pressing nature of this challenge, numerous governments are initiating programs for effective wastewater utilisation. This move is anticipated to bolster the demand for chemicals essential in wastewater treatment processes."
This expansion is indicative of the escalating necessity for robust water treatment solutions. Nanotechnology, with its potential to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of water purification systems, can play a pivotal role in addressing this burgeoning demand.
Success Stories
Zwitter's Innovation in Wastewater Treatment: Leveraging membrane technology, Zwitter has introduced a nanofiltration system capable of blocking 98% of organic molecules. This efficiency ensures enhanced water recycling and minimal membrane fouling in industrial settings. The system's standout feature is its nanoscale pores formed from self-assembling zwitterionic polymers. With this novel approach, Zwitter has attracted investments exceeding USD 40 million, highlighting its prominence in wastewater treatment advancements.
Oxyle specialises in eradicating organic contaminants from wastewater through a cutting-edge catalyst-based treatment system. This approach ensures the effective purification of tainted wastewater. Notably, Oxyle has garnered an investment of over USD 7 million to bolster its innovative water treatment endeavours.
Nano-enabled Water Treatment Solutions: H2O Innovation stands out with its holistic approach, combining ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, bioreactors, and reverse osmosis to treat various water sources. Their patented technology ensures precision in speciality chemical feeds, complemented by the remote oversight capabilities of their SPMC system. Unique integration of fixed film and activated sludge techniques optimises energy use and enhances nutrient removal, marking H2O Innovation as a leader in efficient water treatment.
Investment and Start-ups for Nanotechnology in Water Treatment
Amid escalating concerns about water scarcity and pollution, there's a surge in investments targeted towards nanotechnology solutions in the water treatment sector.
Legacy institutions and industry heavyweights have recognised the potential of nanotechnology in transforming the water treatment landscape. Their commitment is evident as they earmark significant funds for research and development, aiming to harness the precision and efficiency of nanoscale solutions for more effective water purification processes.
Emerging from this growing emphasis are specialised research facilities and labs dedicated to crafting advanced nanomaterials, ultra-fine filtration methods, and targeted pollutant removal mechanisms.
This evolving scenario has spawned a new generation of startups, visionary in their approach and nimble in their operations. By leveraging the nuances of nanotechnology, these startups introduce groundbreaking solutions that are efficient and environmentally sustainable.
One of the distinct advantages that startups bring to the table is their agility. Operating without the bureaucratic hurdles of larger organisations, they're quick to innovate, adapt, and deploy solutions that cater to specific water treatment challenges.
Entities gaining traction and securing considerable investments in the nanotechnology-driven water treatment domain include:
· Nanostone Water: This company specialises in ceramic ultrafiltration membranes. Their technology is based on a unique segment design which they claim is more durable and efficient than traditional polymeric and ceramic membranes.
· NanoH2O (now part of LG Chem): They have developed thin-film nanocomposite membranes for desalination, aiming to improve flux and salt rejection and thereby making desalination more energy-efficient and cost-effective.
· NanOasis: Utilizing carbon nanotube technology, NanOasis developed advanced membranes for reverse osmosis desalination.
· MetaMateria Technologies: They produce nano-enhanced materials that can help in removing contaminants from water, including phosphorus and certain heavy metals.
· Puralytics: Their product, the 'SolarBag', is a water purification device that uses nanotechnology and solar energy to purify and detoxify water from various contaminants.
· ItN Nanovation: This German company offers a variety of nanotechnological products, but within the water sector, they focus mainly on filtration, providing solutions for drinking water and wastewater treatment.
Key Academic Institutes working in Nanotechnology in Water Treatment
· Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA: MIT has several research groups within its departments that are exploring nanotechnological solutions for water desalination and purification.
· Stanford University, USA: The Stanford Nano Shared Facilities (SNSF) and other departments have research pertaining to nanotechnology in environmental applications, including water treatment.
· National University of Singapore (NUS): NUS has been at the forefront of research in nanomaterials for water purification, with several publications and innovations originating from their labs.
· University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), USA: The California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA has made significant contributions to nanomaterials and their applications in water treatment.
· Rice University, USA: Known for its nanotechnology research, Rice has made strides in the use of nanoparticles for water treatment, especially in removing contaminants.
· Imperial College London, UK: The institute has conducted extensive research on nanomaterials and membranes for water purification and desalination.
· Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, India: IIT Bombay has research groups focusing on nanomaterial-based solutions for water purification, especially pertinent to the challenges faced by the Indian subcontinent.
· University of Queensland, Australia: With its strong focus on environmental engineering, this university has delved deep into nanotechnology solutions for water treatment.
Scientists at The University of Queensland devised a rapid method to filter PFAS compounds from water. Using a magnetic tool and a new absorbent, Dr. Cheng Zhang and PhD student Xiao Tan removed roughly 95% of PFAS from tainted water in under a minute.
· Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore: NTU has been active in nanomaterial research for environmental applications, including water purification.
· King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia: Given the region's focus on desalination, KAUST has developed nanotechnological solutions for water desalination and treatment.
· Tsinghua University, China: As one of China's premier institutions, Tsinghua has research groups dedicated to exploring nanotechnological solutions to address water pollution and scarcity.
Academic References
“Waterborne diseases are responsible for 2 million deaths annually, the majority in children under the age of 5, We believe that our novel technology will facilitate revolutionary changes in water disinfection and inspire more innovations in this exciting interdisciplinary field.” Tong Wu is a former postdoctoral scholar of materials science and engineering (MSE) at the Stanford School of Engineering, LINK.
“One of the most important advantages of nanomaterials when compared with conventional water technologies is their ability to integrate various properties, resulting in multifunctional systems such as nanocomposite membranes that enable both particle retention and elimination of contaminants.” Researchers at Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT in Oberhausen, Germany, LINK.
"As we confront global water challenges, the potential of nanotechnology becomes increasingly evident. Its precision at the nanoscale offers unparalleled advancements in water treatment processes, signifying technological progress and a commitment to sustainable water management. Continued investment in this domain is essential, as it represents not just a response to our current needs, but a proactive approach to future water security." Paul Stannard, Founder at World Nano Foundation, LINK.
Conclusion
Water purification demands advancements in treatment methodologies, and nanotechnology emerges as a pivotal force in this evolution, especially in crafting efficient purification systems.
Obstacles to adoption are undeniable, but the market for advanced water treatment solutions is on the rise. Investments and startups emphasising nanotechnology for water purification and distinguished academic entities like MIT, Stanford, and NUS understand the imperative of developing innovative treatment techniques.
These institutions and collaborative ventures underscore the importance of dedicated research initiatives and the channelling of resources towards breakthroughs in water treatment.
Through sustained research and global cooperation, nanotechnology will persistently fuel innovation, positioning itself as an indispensable ally for environmental champions and empowering them to redefine the future of water security.
Note to editors: Commercial Applications for Nanotech in Water Treatment Whitepaper
This white paper on the role of nanotechnology in water treatment is based on a comprehensive review of existing literature, reports, and research papers from reputable sources in the fields of nanotechnology and environmental science. The research methodology employed in developing this white paper involved the following steps:
· Literature Review: An exhaustive review was conducted to collect pertinent information on the recent advances in nanotechnology and their application in water treatment. Various scientific databases, academic journals, industry reports, and reputable websites were consulted.
· Data Collection: Information gathered includes details on nanomaterials, their properties, and their potential applications in water treatment. Insights into challenges and opportunities related to the integration of nanotechnology in the water industry were also obtained.
· Data Analysis: The amassed data was meticulously scrutinised to highlight key trends, patterns, and conclusions.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
· Background on water scarcity and contamination
· The promise of nanotechnology in water treatment
2. Understanding the Water Crisis and the Nano Solution
· Importance of clean and safe drinking water
· Nanotechnology's potential in water treatment
3. Global Challenge and Nanoscale Innovations in Water Treatment
· Current global water challenges and statistics
· Innovations in water treatment at the nanoscale:
· Targeted Contaminant Removal
· Advanced Catalysis
· Bacterial Disinfection
· Efficient Desalination
· Nano-adsorbents
4. Potential Barriers to Entry in Water Treatment
· High Initial Costs
· Complex Regulatory Landscape
· Technical Expertise
· Public Perception and Trust
· Environmental Concerns
· Scalability Challenges
5. Size of the Market in Water Treatment
· Global market valuation and projections
· Contributing factors to market growth
6. Success Stories
· Zwitter's Innovation in Wastewater Treatment
· Nano-enabled Water Treatment Solutions
7. Investment and Start-ups for Nanotechnology in Water Treatment
· Overview of increasing investments
· Description of notable startups and their contributions:
· Nanostone Water
· NanoH2O
· AquaNano
· NanOasis
· MetaMateria Technologies
· Puralytics
· ItN Nanovation
8. Key Academic Institutes working in Nanotechnology in Water Treatment
· Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
· Stanford University
· National University of Singapore (NUS)
· University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
· Rice University
· Imperial College London
· Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay
· University of Queensland
· Nanyang Technological University (NTU)
· King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
· Tsinghua University
9. Academic References
· Tong Wu, Stanford School of Engineering
· Researchers, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT
· Paul Stannard, Founder at World Nano Foundation
10. Conclusion
· Recap of the potential of nanotechnology in water treatment
· The market and academic landscape for nanotechnology in water treatment
· Future prospects and innovations
Glossary of words, subjects, and key performance indicators:
Nanoscience: The study of materials and phenomena at the nanoscale.
Nanosensors: Miniature devices that can detect and measure physical and chemical properties, useful in assessing water quality.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs): Cylindrical carbon structures that can be used in advanced filtration systems.
Nanoscale coatings: Protective layers that enhance the lifespan of water equipment.
Regulatory barriers: New technologies and materials face challenges for approval in water treatment applications.
Energy efficiency: Reducing energy consumption during water treatment processes, a potential advantage of using nanotechnology.
3D printing and Additive Manufacturing: Techniques that can contribute to the efficient creation of water treatment components.
Nanofilters: Filtration systems employing nanotechnology to remove contaminants at a molecular level.
Nanomaterials: Materials that exhibit unique properties due to their nanoscale dimensions.
To access additional information on White Papers from the World Nano Foundation, please explore the following resources:
Whitepaper: Nanotechnology's Potential in the Realm of Nanorobotics for Medical Applications
Qualifications for a Career in Nanotechnology
What is nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is the study and manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale, typically involving structures sized between 1 and 100 nanometers. Its applications span various industries, from medicine to electronics, enabling breakthroughs at the tiniest scales.
What educational background is required to get into nanotechnology?
A background in science or engineering is generally required. Most professionals in the field possess a degree in physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, or various engineering disciplines. These foundational subjects provide the necessary knowledge base to delve into the intricacies of nanotechnology.
Do I need an advanced degree to work in nanotechnology?
While many positions in nanotechnology research and development require a Master's or PhD, there are positions available for those with a Bachelor's degree, especially in areas like quality control, manufacturing, and technician roles. The degree requirement may vary depending on the depth of work and specialisation.
What subjects should I focus on in school?
Subjects that are foundational for a career in nanotechnology include physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics. Advanced courses in quantum mechanics, molecular biology, and materials science can also be beneficial. These subjects offer the theoretical and practical basis for understanding and manipulating materials at the nanoscale.
Are there specific universities known for nanotechnology?
Yes, several universities around the world are renowned for their nanotechnology programs. It's best to research and find institutions with solid reputations in the specific area of nanotechnology you're interested in. Institutions with cutting-edge research facilities and notable faculty members are often sought after.
What types of courses are part of a nanotechnology program?
Typical courses might include nanomaterials, nanoelectronics, biomolecular engineering, nano-characterization techniques, and nanoscale physics. Each class aims to equip students with the knowledge and skills to navigate and innovate within the nanoscale realm.
Are there certifications I can get in nanotechnology?
While a degree is often the primary qualification, various institutions and organisations offer certification programs and short courses. These can help further specialisation or stay updated with the latest technologies and methods. Certifications might give an edge in specific job markets or roles.
Is practical experience necessary in this field?
Absolutely. Lab work, internships, and research projects can provide hands-on experience that's invaluable in understanding theoretical concepts and making you more employable. Engaging in real-world applications aids in solidifying ideas and offers a clearer perspective on the industry's needs.
Are there online resources to help me get started in nanotechnology?
Yes, many online platforms offer courses, webinars, and resources related to nanotechnology. Websites of institutions and organisations dedicated to nanotechnology can also provide valuable insights and updates. These resources can be pivotal for self-learning, staying updated, or networking with professionals.
Is the field of nanotechnology growing?
Yes, the field is rapidly growing, with applications in medicine, electronics, energy, and more. As a result, the demand for skilled professionals in nanotechnology is expected to increase in the coming years. With its expanding horizon, the opportunities for innovative applications and solutions in diverse sectors are immense.
Top 5 Countries Leading in Nanotechnology for Nanoscale Innovation
What is nanotechnology?
Nanoscale technology, often called nanotechnology, involves manipulating and utilising materials at the atomic and molecular scale, typically between 1 and 100 nanometers in size. These tiny structures offer properties distinct from bulk materials, enabling innovations across numerous fields like medicine, electronics, energy, and materials science.
Which country is leading in nanotechnology research and development?
The top countries leading in nanotechnology research and development include:
China
India
United States
Iran
South Korea
Why is China considered the leader in nanotechnology?
A prime illustration of China's triumph in nanotechnology is 'Nanopolis', the globe's most expansive nanotech industrial hub in Suzhou in the east. This visionary metropolis accommodates numerous global corporations as well as emerging Chinese enterprises, spanning various sectors of nanotechnology and nanoscience.
China's leadership in nanotechnology is attributed to:
Significant government investment in R&D and infrastructure.
An increasing number of nanotech-related patent applications and publications.
Growing collaborations with international researchers and institutions.
A dedicated effort to become a global leader in high-tech sectors.
Rapidly expanding educational programs in the sciences and technology.
How is the United States advancing in the nanotechnology field?
While China leads, the U.S. continues to make significant strides due to:
Vast funding opportunities from the government (such as the National Nanotechnology Initiative) and private sectors.
The presence of world-renowned research universities and institutions.
Strong collaboration between academic, industry, and government entities.
The country’s history of technological innovation and entrepreneurship.
What potential applications are countries exploring through nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology has a vast array of applications being explored by leading countries:
1. Medicine:
Targeted drug delivery: Using nanoscale carriers to deliver drugs directly to affected cells, minimising side effects and maximising therapeutic impact.
Regenerative medicine: Leveraging nanostructures to guide cell growth, facilitating tissue repair and potentially organ regeneration.
Diagnostic tools: Developing nanoscale sensors and devices to detect diseases at earlier stages, improving chances of successful treatments.
2. Electronics:
Improved memory storage: Creating nanoscale memory devices that offer faster, more durable, and more compact storage solutions.
Quantum computing: Harnessing the principles of quantum mechanics at the nanoscale to develop computers with unprecedented processing power.
Nano-transistors: Designing transistors at the atomic scale, enabling more compact and energy-efficient electronic devices.
3. Energy:
More efficient solar cells: Incorporating nanomaterials to enhance the absorption and conversion of sunlight, leading to higher energy yield.
Advanced batteries: Utilizing nanotechnology to develop batteries with longer life, faster charging times, and higher energy densities.
Hydrogen storage: Designing nanoscale materials that can store hydrogen more efficiently, paving the way for a cleaner energy future.
4. Materials science:
Lightweight, more robust materials: Crafting materials with enhanced strength-to-weight ratios, ideal for industries like aerospace and automotive.
Intelligent textiles: Integrating nanotechnologies into fabrics to create clothing that can adapt to environmental conditions, resist stains, or even monitor health.
5. Environmental:
Water purification: Incorporating nano-filters and membranes to remove contaminants from water, ensuring cleaner and safer drinking sources.
Pollution control: Using nanomaterials to capture and neutralise pollutants, improving air and water quality.
Sustainable farming techniques: Employing nanotechnology to develop more effective and less harmful fertilisers, pesticides, and herbicides.
Why is international collaboration essential in nanotechnology research?
Nanotechnology research is interdisciplinary, complex, and resource-intensive. Countries can pool resources, share expertise, and accelerate innovation by collaborating. Addressing global challenges like climate change or health pandemics often requires international effort and nanotechnological solutions.
Are there any ethical or safety concerns associated with nanotechnology?
Yes, like any evolving technology, nanotechnology presents ethical and safety concerns. These include potential health impacts, environmental consequences, data privacy issues in nano-electronics, and more. Leading countries are actively working on regulations and guidelines to ensure the safe development and deployment of nanotechnologies.
Disclosure: The landscape of technological development is dynamic, so it's essential to check for updates regularly.
Top 9 Nanotechnologies Impacting the World
What is nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology manipulates matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale, typically between 1 and 100 nanometers. It allows for the design, creation, and use of structures and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanoscale.
Given its vast array of applications, from medicine to electronics to the environment, let's delve into the multifaceted world of nanotechnology and its impact on various sectors.
1. Medical Field
Targeted Drug Delivery: Nanoparticles, specifically liposomes and polymer-based nanoparticles, have emerged as effective carriers for drugs. They can be designed to target cancer cells, infectious agents, or specific tissues, which means that higher doses of the drug can be delivered directly to the affected area with minimal side effects.
Diagnostics: Nano-scale devices and materials can be used for early disease detection. For instance, quantum dots, semiconductor nanoparticles, can be used as fluorescent probes in medical imaging.
Regenerative Medicine: Nanomaterials play a role in tissue engineering, helping design scaffolds that encourage tissue growth and regeneration. They're also instrumental in stem cell manipulation.
2. Electronics Industry
Nanoscale Transistors: As conventional transistors approach their size limits, nanotechnology offers a way to miniaturise them further. This not only keeps Moore's Law alive but also paves the way for faster and more efficient electronic devices.
Memory Devices: The use of nanowires and nanotubes can lead to the development of ultra-high-density memory devices.
Graphene and Other Two-dimensional Materials: These materials have exceptional electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties, promising to revolutionise electronics by making them faster and more energy-efficient.
3. Environmental Applications
Water Purification: Nanostructured materials like carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles can remove heavy metals, organic contaminants, and even pathogens from water, making it potable.
Improved Solar Cells: Nanomaterials enhance the efficiency of solar cells. Quantum dots, for example, can be used to design solar cells that capture a broader spectrum of sunlight.
Environmental Monitoring: Nanosensors can detect and monitor pollutants at deficient concentrations, improving timely pollution control and management.
4. Consumer Goods
Textiles: Nanotechnology has given rise to fabrics that resist stains, repel water, and even "self-clean" by breaking down dirt and microorganisms when exposed to sunlight.
Sunscreens: Nanoparticles like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide are used to make sunscreens more effective by providing broader protection and eliminating the white residue commonly associated with traditional products.
Sports Equipment: Incorporating nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes in sports equipment such as tennis rackets and golf clubs has made them lighter yet stronger.
5. Agriculture and Food Industry
Pesticide Delivery: Nanocapsules can be used to deliver pesticides directly to plants in a more controlled manner, reducing the amount of pesticide used and minimizing environmental impact.
Food Packaging: Nanocomposites are making their way into food packaging, enhancing shelf life by preventing oxygen, moisture, and other contaminants from degrading the food. These nanocomposites can also be used to detect spoilage or pathogen presence.
Nutrient Delivery: Nano-encapsulation can be used to deliver vitamins and supplements more effectively within the human body. This method ensures that nutrients are released slowly and are more easily absorbed.
6. Automotive and Aerospace Industries
Lightweight Materials: Carbon nanotubes and other nanomaterials are being integrated into the design of vehicles and aircraft to make them lighter and more fuel-efficient without sacrificing strength.
Self-repairing Materials: Nanotechnology is paving the way for materials that can "self-heal", automatically repairing minor damages, leading to increased longevity and safety.
Enhanced Fuel Efficiency: Nanotechnology is helping in the design of more efficient and cleaner fuel through better catalysis processes.
7. Cosmetics and Personal Care
Anti-aging: Nanoparticles can deliver anti-aging compounds like retinol deep into the skin, making them more effective.
Hair Care: Nanotechnology is used in shampoos and conditioners to enhance the delivery of nutrients to hair follicles.
UV Protection: As mentioned earlier, nanoparticles improve the efficiency of sunscreens. These same principles apply to cosmetics with SPF protection.
8. Defense and Security
Surveillance: Nano-drones and other nanoscale devices are being developed for covert surveillance and intelligence operations.
Protective Clothing: Using nanofibers and nanocomposites, better protective gear, resistant to chemicals, and biological threats are being designed for soldiers and first responders.
Advanced Sensors: Nanosensors can detect minute quantities of chemical or biological weapons, allowing for early detection and rapid response.
9. Energy Storage and Production
Batteries: Nanotechnology is enhancing the capacity and charge rate of batteries. For instance, using nanostructured silicon in the anodes of lithium-ion batteries can dramatically increase their storage capacity.
Fuel Cells: Nanomaterials can improve the efficiency and reduce the cost of fuel cells, making them more commercially viable.
Thermal Energy Storage: Nanofluids, which are nanoparticles suspended in liquid, are being researched for their potential in storing and transferring thermal energy.
Conclusion
Nanotechnology, due to its broad scope and versatility, intersects with almost every field of science and engineering. While it offers incredible potential, it's essential to approach its applications with a balance of enthusiasm and caution, ensuring that the societal and environmental impacts are considered. As research progresses, the next decade could witness even more revolutionary changes driven by nanotechnology.
Differences between Nanowires and Nanotubes
What are nanowires and nanotubes?
Nanowires:
Nanowires are one-dimensional nanostructures characterised by their hair-like, elongated shape. Typically, these structures have a diameter that ranges from micrometres within the nanometer scale, but their length can extend much further, often into the micrometer range.
These minute dimensions impart nanowires with unique electronic, thermal, and optical properties due to their high surface area to volume ratio and quantum confinement effects. Depending on the material from which they are made, such as metals, semiconductors, or even organic compounds, nanowires can be tailored for various applications, from advanced electronics and photonics to intricate sensors and biological probes.
Nanotubes:
Nanotubes, distinguished by their cylindrical form and hollow core, can be visualised as ultra-fine straws on the nanoscale. The walls of these nanotubes can range from a single atom thick to a few atoms, offering unique structural characteristics. Among the diverse types, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) stand out, derived from rolled-up sheets of graphene, and are celebrated for their remarkable strength, conductivity, and versatility in various technological applications.
What are the main structural differences?
Nanowires: They are essentially solid rods at the nanoscale. They can be either straight or zigzagged based on their growth conditions.
Nanotubes: They always have a hollow centre, which provides unique properties, such as the capability to encapsulate other molecules or act as nano-sized conduits for fluids.
What materials can they be made from?
Nanowires:
Materials span metals (e.g., gold and silver), semiconductors (e.g., silicon and gallium nitride), and insulators (e.g., silica).
Some nanowires are also made from organic compounds or biological materials, expanding their potential applications.
Nanotubes:
While carbon is the most famous element used, other compounds like boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, and vanadium oxide can also form nanotubes.
What are their respective applications?
Nanowires:
Electronics: Potential components in future transistors, memory devices, and quantum dots.
Photonics: In producing more efficient solar cells and LEDs.
Sensors: Their high surface-to-volume ratio makes them sensitive to environmental changes, making them ideal for chemical and biological sensors.
Biological studies: Serving as probes or platforms for studying individual cells or molecules.
Nanotubes:
Nanocomposites: Adding strength and flexibility to materials like plastics.
Electronics: Field-effect transistors, memory devices, and even flexible displays.
Drug delivery: Their hollow structure allows them to carry drugs and deliver them to specific locations.
Energy storage: Employed in battery and supercapacitor technologies.
Which one is stronger?
Nanotubes: Specifically, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) demonstrate incredible tensile strength, making them among the most robust materials known, often touted as being stronger than steel at a fraction of the weight.
What about their electrical properties?
Nanowires: Their conductivity can be tailored based on the choice of material. For instance, silicon nanowires can be doped to control their semiconductive properties, while metallic nanowires are naturally conductive.
Nanotubes: How carbon atoms are arranged (chirality) determines whether a carbon nanotube is metallic or semiconducting. Remarkably, electrons can move through CNTs with minimal scattering, termed "ballistic transport", leading to high conductivity.
How are they synthesised?
Nanowires:
Vapour-liquid-solid growth: A standard method where a liquid catalyst aids in the collection of material from the vapour phase to produce a wire.
Template-assisted synthesis: Using a porous template to guide the growth.
Electrodeposition: Using an electric current to deposit material in a template.
Nanotubes:
Arc discharge: Applying an electric current between two carbon electrodes in an inert gas, causing one electrode to evaporate and deposit onto the other as nanotubes.
Laser ablation: Using a laser to vaporise a carbon target in a chamber filled with an inert gas.
Chemical vapour deposition (CVD): Decomposing hydrocarbons over a metal catalyst to grow nanotubes.
Are there any environmental or health concerns?
Nanowires & Nanotubes: Their small size allows them to enter biological systems, raising concerns about toxicity quickly. Specifically, certain forms of CNTs have shown similarities to asbestos fibres, raising concerns about lung toxicity when inhaled. However, research is ongoing, and conclusions vary based on the specific conditions and types of nanomaterials.
Are they being used in commercial products?
Nanowires are integrated into products such as high-performance solar panels and advanced sensors.
Nanotubes: Found in various products, from bicycle frames to tennis rackets and even specific protective clothing due to their strength and conductivity.
Future Research?
Nanowires & Nanotubes: Scientists are exploring more sustainable synthesis methods, broader application areas (e.g., medical), and methods to integrate these nanostructures into larger, macro-scale systems seamlessly.
This expanded guide provides a deeper understanding
Understanding Nanotechnology
What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is the field of science and engineering focused on creating, manufacturing, and utilising structures, devices, and systems by controlling atoms and molecules at the nanoscale. This involves dimensions less than 100 nanometres, equivalent to one-tenth of a micrometre.
Why is the Nano-scale significant?
At the nanoscale, materials often exhibit unique optical, electronic, and mechanical properties that differ from those at larger scales. These novel properties arise because of the quantum effects and increased surface area per volume of material at this scale.
What are some applications of Nanotechnology?
Medicine
• Targeted Drug Delivery: One of the most promising medical applications of nanotechnology is targeted drug delivery. Nanoparticles can be engineered to carry therapeutic agents directly to disease sites, minimising side effects by reducing the impact on healthy tissues. For example, in cancer treatments, nanoparticles can deliver chemotherapy drugs directly to tumour cells, reducing the overall dosage required and minimising side effects.
Commercial products, like AuroVist™ from Nanoprobes, offer gold nanoparticles specifically for enhancing X-ray images.
• Imaging and Diagnostics: Nanoparticles with specific optical or electronic properties can be used as contrast agents in medical imaging, making detecting diseases at an early stage easier. For instance, quantum dots (tiny semiconductor particles) have been used to tag and visualise tumours.
• Regenerative Medicine: Nanofibers and nanoparticles can be utilised in tissue engineering to support the growth and regeneration of damaged tissues or organs.
Electronics
• Faster Processing Power: As electronic devices become smaller, nanotechnology plays a pivotal role in creating nano-sized transistors and memory cells, which can lead to faster processing speeds.
• Data Storage: Nanotechnology can create smaller, denser memory devices. Techniques like atomic-level manipulation might allow vast amounts of data to be stored in tiny spaces.
• Flexible Electronics: Nanomaterials like graphene can be used to develop thin, flexible, and highly conductive electronic devices, potentially leading to roll-up displays or wearable tech.
Energy
• Efficient Solar Cells: Nanomaterials can enhance the efficiency of solar cells by enabling better light absorption and electron transport and minimising energy loss.
• Improved Battery Performance: Nano-structured materials can increase the surface area of electrodes in batteries, leading to faster charging times and longer battery life.
Materials
• Stronger Materials: Carbon nanotubes are renowned for their strength and are integrated into materials to create lightweight composites yet incredibly strong.
• Lighter Materials: Nanotechnology can be used to develop materials with a high strength-to-weight ratio, leading to lighter yet durable products, essential in industries like aerospace.
• Smart Materials: Nanotechnology can lead to materials that can self-repair or change properties in response to environmental stimuli, like temperature or pressure.
Environment
• Water Purification: Nanoparticles can target and remove contaminants from water, leading to more effective and efficient water purification systems.
• Environmental Clean-up: Certain nanoparticles can bind to pollutants, making removing them from the environment more accessible. This has been researched for cleaning oil spills, for instance.
• Air Purification: Nanotechnology can be incorporated into materials that, when exposed to light, can break down air pollutants, potentially leading to cleaner indoor air environments.
Is Nanotechnology new?
While the concept of manipulating matter at the nanoscale is not new, it's only in the last few decades that tools and techniques have been developed to intentionally design, produce, and measure materials and devices at this scale.
Are there risks associated with Nanotechnology?
Like any technology, there are potential risks and benefits. Some concerns have been raised about specific nanomaterials' environmental and health impacts. Research is ongoing to fully understand these impacts and develop safe practices for producing, using, and disposing of nanomaterials.
How is Nanotechnology different from traditional manufacturing?
Traditional manufacturing is often a top-down approach, starting with bulk materials and refining them into the desired shape and size. In contrast, nanotechnology usually involves a bottom-up approach, assembling structures atom by atom or molecule by molecule.
What tools are used in Nanotechnology research?
Some essential tools include the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM), the atomic force microscope (AFM), and electron microscopes. These tools allow scientists to visualise, manipulate, and measure materials at the nanoscale.
How does Nanotechnology impact our daily lives?
From improved electronics and sunscreens with nanoparticles to clothing with enhanced durability, the influence of nanotechnology can be seen in various everyday products. As research progresses, the number of applications in daily life is expected to increase.
What is the future of Nanotechnology?
The future of nanotechnology is vast. Advancements in tools and techniques are expected to drive breakthroughs in medicine, clean energy, water treatment, and numerous other fields, potentially revolutionising how we live.
How can I learn more about Nanotechnology?
Numerous online resources, courses, books, and universities offer programs dedicated to nanotechnology. Starting with academic institutions and organisations focused on nanoscience can be a great way to delve deeper.
How Nanomedicine is Shaping the Future of Treatment
What is Nanomedicine?
Nanomedicine refers to the utilisation of nanotechnology in the field of healthcare. This multidisciplinary domain encompasses both therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Specifically, it involves using nanoscale materials and tools extending to nanoelectronic sensing devices.
Beyond these current applications, the field also touches on prospective advancements in molecular nanotechnology, including the potential for bioengineered machinery.
With its precise approach, nanomedicine seeks to enhance the efficiency and specificity of treatments, providing solutions that traditional medicine might not offer.
Historical Background
During his groundbreaking 1959 lecture at Caltech, Richard Feynman introduced the revolutionary idea of nanotechnology, envisioning a world where machines could be used to construct even tinier machines, extending all the way to the molecular scale.
Nanomedicine, a significant 21st-century science, emerged in the 1990s, though nanoscale particles were used in ancient times. It was rooted in 20th-century studies of ultra-small biological, chemical, and physical structures and inspired by Richard P. Feynman's 1950s nanotechnological vision.
Nanomedicine has rapidly expanded, encompassing techniques like tissue engineering and biosensors for diagnostics. It uses nanomaterials, like liposomes, for targeted treatments, especially in cancer therapies. Future areas include drug delivery, theranostics, tissue engineering, and magnetofection. Emerging focuses also cover regenerative medicine and gene therapy.
Applications of Nanomedicine
1. Drug Delivery:
Nanomedicine facilitates targeted drug delivery, allowing drugs to reach specific cells, increasing efficacy, and reducing side effects. For instance, engineered nanoparticles can deliver therapeutics directly to cancer cells, minimising systemic exposure.
2. Diagnostics:
Nanotechnology enhances diagnostic capabilities. Nanoparticles like quantum dots can improve molecular imaging's resolution and contrast, aiding in early and accurate disease detection.
3. Regenerative Medicine:
Nanotech tools, such as nanofibers, support tissue regeneration by acting as scaffolds for cell growth. Additionally, nanoparticles can deliver growth factors to injury sites, promoting faster healing.
4. Therapeutics:
Some nanomaterials have inherent therapeutic properties. Gold nanoparticles, for instance, can be used in hyperthermia treatments for cancer, where their absorption of infrared light generates heat to destroy cancer cells.
Benefits of Nanomedicine
1. Increased Efficacy:
Nanomedicine's ability to target specific cells or tissues enhances the precision of drug delivery. This targeted approach ensures that the therapeutic agent acts predominantly on the intended site, maximising its therapeutic effect. As a result, treatments can be more effective, leading to better patient outcomes.
2. Reduced Side Effects:
Traditional treatments often impact diseased and healthy cells, causing undesirable side effects. Nanomedicine's focus on targeted delivery significantly reduces this problem. Minimising exposure to healthy cells and tissues can considerably reduce the likelihood and severity of side effects, improving the patient's overall experience and safety.
3. Cost Savings:
While the initial cost of developing nanomedicine treatments might be higher, their increased effectiveness can lead to reduced hospital stays, fewer treatment sessions, and less need for follow-up care. Over time, this can translate into substantial savings for healthcare providers and patients. Additionally, early and accurate diagnostics, made possible by nanotechnology, can lead to timely interventions, preventing the escalation of diseases and further reducing healthcare costs.
Challenges and Concerns
The long-term effects of nanoparticles are still being studied. Nanotechnology's potential environmental impacts and medical ethical considerations also present ongoing challenges. Regulatory standards for these treatments are still in development in many regions.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do nanomedicines differ from traditional ones?
The primary difference is the use of nanoparticles, which can allow for interactions at a cellular level.
How are nanomedicines administered?
Depending on the intended use, methods include injections, oral formulations, and topical applications.
Are there approved nanomedicines on the market?
Several nanomedicine products have gained regulatory approval, especially in cancer treatment areas.
What are the potential risks associated with nanomedicines?
While nanomedicines offer many benefits, there are concerns about their long-term effects on the human body and the environment. Further studies are ongoing to understand these potential risks fully.
Can nanomedicine be used for conditions other than cancer?
While many nanomedicine applications focus on cancer, they're also being explored for cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and infectious diseases, among others.
How is the safety of nanomedicines evaluated?
Nanomedicines undergo rigorous testing in both pre-clinical and clinical settings to ensure their safety and efficacy before they receive regulatory approval.
Current Research and Innovations
The scope of nanomedicine research is broad, spanning areas from nano-robotics to sophisticated drug delivery mechanisms.
Researchers at MIT have pioneered a nanoparticle-based sensor with the potential to detect cancer early via a simple urine test.
Evox Therapeutics is at the forefront of harnessing exosomes for treatments against various diseases. By obtaining intellectual property rights for EV-driven delivery of nucleic acids and proteins, the company seeks to transform how therapies are administered, capitalising on the innate delivery advantages of exosomes.
Revolutionizing Aircraft Design: The Role of Nanomaterials in Aviation
In the realm of aircraft design, two principles reign supreme: prioritising safety and striving for lightweight construction. The benefits of lighter planes are manifold, ranging from reduced fuel consumption to enhanced speed—a win-win scenario for the environment, travel times, and costs.
Conventional technologies have pushed the boundaries of what they can contribute to the design process, necessitating a new approach. Enter nanomaterials, the potential game-changers in the aviation sector. With their unique advantages, including high strength, corrosion resistance, and low density, nanomaterials offer significant weight reduction opportunities for aircraft. However, their impact extends beyond mere weight reduction.
Integrating nanomaterials ensures enhanced durability and longevity, setting new standards for aircraft efficiency. These materials can potentially transform the aerospace industry, offering economic opportunities and advancements in technology, fuel efficiency, material science, and overall sustainability.
Based on a business report released earlier this year, the Aerospace Nanotechnology market was valued at approximately US$5.6 Billion in 2022. The report predicts that the market will expand and reach US$8.1 Billion by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.6%.
This significant growth aligns with Infinium Global Research which said, “The increase in the adoption of carbon nanotube nanocomposites in the manufacturing of airframes is majorly driving the aerospace nanotechnology market. Reinforcing carbon nanotubes in a material improves the strength and durability of that material.”
This growing trend complements the integrating of nanomaterials into 3D printing processes and has emerged as a promising avenue for manufacturing essential engine components and other materials. By incorporating nanomaterials into 3D-printed plastics, faster and cost-effective part replacement becomes a reality. Remarkably, these replacement parts maintain the same strength and longevity as their conventional counterparts.
Beyond their role in lightweight construction, nanomaterials serve as effective protective shields against harsh environmental conditions. Some nanomaterials possess exceptional stability, conductivity, or insulation properties, making them ideal aeroplane safeguards. Aerospace giants like Boeing and Airbus have already embraced 3D printing, showcasing the transformative potential of this technology. As aviation components and aerospace systems continue to evolve, 3D printing is poised to assume an increasingly critical role in the sector. Additionally, novel innovations like NANOWEB® are revolutionising the industry.
NANOWEB®, a cutting-edge innovation, offers a versatile and efficient solution for anti-ice and anti-fog applications. This transparent, lightweight, and flexible film can seamlessly integrate with various clear surfaces, including aircraft windscreens, ensuring uninterrupted visibility with a simple press of a button.
Nanomaterials are poised to revolutionise the aircraft industry with their diminutive size, lightweight nature, and unique properties. Continued investment in this exciting field will soon see nanomaterials playing a major role in every aeroplane that graces the skies. The future of aviation, bolstered by nanomaterials, is undeniably soaring to new heights.
Engineered nanoparticles could help store excess carbon dioxide in the ocean
The urgent need to remove excess carbon dioxide from Earth's environment could include enlisting some of our planet's smallest inhabitants, according to an international research team led by Michael Hochella of the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Hochella and his colleagues examined the scientific evidence for seeding the oceans with iron-rich engineered fertilizer particles near ocean plankton. The goal would be to feed phytoplankton, microscopic plants that are a key part of the ocean ecosystem, to encourage growth and carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake. The analysis article appears in the journal Nature Nanotechnology.
"The idea is to augment existing processes," said Hochella, a Laboratory fellow at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. "Humans have fertilized the land to grow crops for centuries. We can learn to fertilize the oceans responsibly."
In nature, nutrients from the land reach oceans through rivers and blowing dust to fertilize plankton. The research team proposes moving this natural process one step further to help remove excess CO2 through the ocean. They studied evidence that suggests adding specific combinations of carefully engineered materials could effectively fertilize the oceans, encouraging phytoplankton to act as a carbon sink.
The organisms would take up carbon in large quantities. Then, as they die, they would sink deep into the ocean, taking the excess carbon with them. Scientists say this proposed fertilization would simply speed up a natural process that already safely sequesters carbon in a form that could remove it from the atmosphere for thousands of years.
"At this point, time is of the essence," said Hochella. "To combat rising temperatures, we must decrease CO2 levels on a global scale. Examining all our options, including using the oceans as a CO2 sink, gives us the best chance of cooling the planet."
Pulling insights from the literature
In their analysis, the researchers argue that engineered nanoparticles offer several attractive attributes. They could be highly controlled and specifically tuned for different ocean environments. Surface coatings could help the particles attach to plankton. Some particles also have light-absorbing properties, allowing plankton to consume and use more CO2.
The general approach could also be tuned to meet the needs of specific ocean environments. For example, one region might benefit most from iron-based particles, while silicon-based particles may be most effective elsewhere, they say.
The researchers' analysis of 123 published studies showed that numerous non-toxic metal-oxygen materials could safely enhance plankton growth. The stability, Earth abundance, and ease of creation of these materials make them viable options as plankton fertilizers, they argue.
The team also analyzed the cost of creating and distributing different particles. While the process would be substantially more expensive than adding non-engineered materials, it would also be significantly more effective.
Multi-organ chip detects dangerous nanoparticles
What happens when we breathe in nanoparticles emitted by, for example, a laser printer? Could these nanoparticles damage the respiratory tract or perhaps even other organs? To answer these questions, Fraunhofer researchers are developing the "NanoCube" exposure device.
The Nanocube's integrated multi-organ chip set up in the laboratory of the Technical University of Berlin (TU Berlin) and by its spin-off organization "TissUse" detects interaction between nanoparticles and lung cells, the uptake of nanoparticles into the bloodstream and possible effects on the liver.
Having a laser printer right next to your workstation is certainly very practical. That being said, there is the risk that these machines, just like 3D printers, could emit aerosols during operation that contain, among other things, nanoparticles—particles that are between one and one hundred nanometers in size. By comparison, one hair is about 60,000 to 80,000 nanometers thick.
Nanoparticles are also produced by passing road vehicles, for example, through the abrasion of tires. As yet, however, little is known about how these particles affect the human body when they are inhaled into the lungs. Until now, the only way to study this would have been by animal testing. What's more, large sample quantities of the relevant aerosol would have to be collected at great expense.
Directly measurable biological impact
Researchers from the Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM and the Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing SCAI are collaborating with TU Berlin and its spin-off organization TissUse GmbH on the "NanoINHAL" project to investigate the impact of nanoparticles on the human body.
"We are able to analyze the biological impact of the aerosols directly and easily using in vitro methods—and without animal testing," says Dr. Tanja Hansen, Group Manager at Fraunhofer ITEM.
Combining two existing technologies has made this possible: The multi-organ chip Humimic Chip3 from TU Berlin and its spin-off organization TissUse, and the P.R.I.T. ExpoCube, developed by Fraunhofer ITEM. The Humimic Chip3 is a chip the size of a standard laboratory slide measuring 76 x 26 mm. Tissue cultures miniaturized 100,000-fold can be placed on it, with nutrient solutions supplied to the tissue cultures by micropumps. In this way, for example, tissue samples of the lung and liver and their interaction with nanoparticles can be artificially recreated.
Four of these multi-organ chips fit into the P.R.I.T. ExpoCube. This is an exposure device used to study airborne substances such as aerosols in vitro. Using a sophisticated system of micropumps, heating electronics, aerosol lines and sensors, the ExpoCube is able to expose the cell samples on the multi-organ chip to various aerosols or even nanoparticles at the air-liquid interface—as in the human lung—in a controllable and reproducible manner.
The nanoparticles flow through a microduct, from which several branches lead downward to conduct the air and nanoparticles to the four multi-organ chips. "If lung cells are to be exposed at the air-liquid interface, numerous parameters come into play, such as temperature, the flow of the culture medium in the chip, and the aerosol flow. This makes experiments of this kind very complicated," Hansen explains.
The system is currently undergoing further optimization. At the end of the project, the combination of NanoCube and multi-organ chip will facilitate detailed studies of aerosols in vitro. Only then will it be possible to investigate the direct impact of the potentially harmful nanoparticles on the respiratory tract and, at the same time, possible effects on other organs, such as the liver.
Simulations help to optimize development
But how can aerosols, in particular nanoparticles, be directed towards lung cells in such a way that a specified quantity is deposited on the cell surface? This is where the expertise of Fraunhofer SCAI comes in: The researchers studied this point and similar aspects in a simulation. They had to overcome special challenges in the process: For example, the physical and numerical models required for a detailed simulation of nanoparticles are significantly more complex than for particles with larger diameters. This, in turn, causes a significant increase in computing time.
But the time and effort are worth it, because the computationally intensive simulation helps to optimize the real-life test system. Let's take an example: As mentioned above, the aerosol has to flow through a line from which several branches extend downward to direct the nanoparticles onto the multi-organ chips, with conditions at the sampling points that are as identical as possible.
The inertial forces of the nanoparticles are low, however, so the particles would be less likely to move out of the diverted flow path and onto the cell surface. Gravity alone is not sufficient in this case. The researchers resolve the issue by exploiting the phenomenon of thermophoresis.
"This relates to a force in a fluid with a temperature gradient that causes the particles to migrate to the cooler side," explains Dr. Carsten Brodbeck, Project Manager at Fraunhofer SCAI. "By allowing the aerosol to flow through the line in a heated state, while the cells are cultivated naturally at body temperature, the nanoparticles move towards the cells, which the simulation clearly shows."
The researchers also used simulations to investigate how to achieve the highest possible temperature gradient without damaging the cells and how the corresponding device should be constructed. They also examined how different flow speeds and supply line geometries would affect uptake.
The temperature distribution in the exposure device was optimized by selecting different materials, making adjustments to the geometry and modifying the cooling and heating design. "Using simulations, we can quickly and easily change the boundary conditions and understand the effects of these changes. We can also see things that would remain hidden in experiments," explains Brodbeck.
The basic technological problems have been solved. Now, the initial prototype of the NanoCube exposure device, including a multi-organ chip, is expected to be ready in the fall, after which the first experiments with the system will be carried out.
For now, the researchers at Fraunhofer are using reference particles instead of aerosols from printers, for example, nanoparticles from zinc oxide or what is known as "carbon black", i.e. the black pigment in printing ink. In future practical applications, the measuring system is to be set up wherever the nanoparticles are produced, for example, next to a laser printer.
Innovative test system for toxic effects
The NanoINHAL project will see the creation of an innovative test system that can be used to investigate the toxic effects of airborne nanoparticles on cells in the respiratory tract and lungs, as well as on downstream organs such as the liver.
Due to the combination of two organ systems in a microphysiological system, it will also be possible to study the uptake and distribution of nanoparticles in the organism. In the future, the test system will provide data on the long-term effects of inhaled nanoparticles as well as their biokinetics. This will play a major role in assessing the potential health hazard posed by such particles.
Simple technique ushers in long-sought class of semiconductors
Breakthroughs in modern microelectronics depend on understanding and manipulating the movement of electrons in metal. Reducing the thickness of metal sheets to the order of nanometers can enable exquisite control over how the metal's electrons move. By doing so, one can impart properties that aren't seen in bulk metals, such as ultrafast conduction of electricity. Now, researchers from Osaka University and collaborating partners have synthesized a novel class of nanostructured superlattices. This study enables an unusually high degree of control over the movement of electrons within metal semiconductors, which promises to enhance the functionality of everyday technologies.
Precisely tuning the architecture of metal nanosheets, and thus facilitating advanced microelectronic functionalities, remains an ongoing line of work worldwide. In fact, several Nobel prizes have been awarded on this topic. Researchers conventionally synthesize nanostructured superlattices—regularly alternating layers of metals, sandwiched together—from materials of the same dimension; for example, sandwiched 2D sheets. A key aspect of the present researchers' work is its facile fabrication of hetero-dimensional superlattices; for example, 1D nanoparticle chains sandwiched within 2D nanosheets.
"Nanoscale hetero-dimensional superlattices are typically challenging to prepare, but can exhibit valuable physical properties, such as anisotropic electrical conductivity," explains Yung-Chang Lin, senior author. "We developed a versatile means of preparing such structures, and in so doing we will inspire synthesis of a wide range of custom superstructures."
The researchers used chemical vapor deposition—a common nanofabrication technique in industry—to prepare vanadium-based superlattices. These magnetic semiconductors exhibit what is known as an anisotropic anomalous Hall effect (AHE): meaning directionally focused charge accumulation under in-plane magnetic field conditions (in which the conventional Hall effect isn't observed). Usually, the AHE is observed only at ultra-low temperatures. In the present research, the AHE was observed at room temperature and higher, up to around at least the boiling point of water. Generation of the AHE at practical temperatures will facilitate its use in everyday technologies.
"A key promise of nanotechnology is its provision of functionalities that you can't get from bulk materials," states Lin. "Our demonstration of an unconventional anomalous Hall effect at room temperature and above opens up a wealth of possibilities for future semiconductor technology, all accessible by conventional nanofabrication processes."
The present work will help improve the density of data storage, the efficiency of lighting, and the speed of electronic devices. By precisely controlling the nanoscale architecture of metals that are commonly used in industry, researchers will fabricate uniquely versatile technology that surpasses the functionality of natural materials.
The article, "Heterodimensional superlattice with room-temperature anomalous Hall effect," was published in Nature.
Nanoparticles increase light scattering, boost solar cell performance
As demand for solar energy rises around the world, scientists are working to improve the performance of solar devices—important if the technology is to compete with traditional fuels. But researchers face theoretical limits on how efficient they can make solar cells.
One method for pushing efficiency beyond those limits involves adding up-conversion nanoparticles to the materials used in the solar devices. Up-conversion materials allow solar cells to harvest energy from a wider spectrum of light than normally possible. A team of scientists testing this approach found the nanoparticles boosted efficiency, but not for the reason they expected. Their research may suggest a new path forward for developing more efficient solar devices.
"Some researchers in the literature have hypothesized and showed results that up-conversion nanoparticles provide a boost in performance," said Shashank Priya, associate vice president for research and professor of materials science and engineering at Penn State. "But this research shows that it doesn't matter if you put in up-conversion nanoparticles or any other nanoparticles—they will show the boosted efficiency because of the enhance light scattering."
Adding nanoparticles is like adding millions of small mirrors inside a solar cell, the scientists said. Light traveling through the device hits the nanoparticles and scatters, potentially hitting other nanoparticles and reflecting many times within the device and providing a noticeable photocurrent enhancement.
The scientists said this light scattering process and not up-conversion led to boosted efficiency in solar devices they created.
"It doesn't matter what nanoparticles you put in, as long as they are nanosized with specific scattering properties it always leads to an increase in efficiency by a few percentage points," Kai Wang said, assistant research professor in Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and co-author of the study. "I think our research provides a nice explanation on why this type of composite light absorbing structure is interesting for the solar community."
Up-conversion nanoparticles work by absorbing infrared light and emitting visible light that solar cell can absorb and convert into additional power. Almost half of the energy from the sun reaches the Earth as infrared light, but most solar cells are unable to harvest it. Scientists have proposed that tapping into this could push solar cell efficiency past its theoretical ceiling, the Shockley-Queisser (SQ) limit, which is around 30% for single-junction solar cells powered by sunlight.
Previous studies have shown a 1% to 2% boost in efficiency using up-conversion nanoparticles. But the team found these materials provided only a very small boost in perovskite solar devices they created, the scientists said.
"We were focused initially on up-converting infrared light to the visible spectrum for absorption and energy conversion by perovskite, but the data from our Penn State colleagues indicated this was not a significant process," said Jim Piper, co-author and emeritus professor at Macquarie University, Australia. "Subsequently we provided undoped nanocrystals that do not give optical up-conversion and they were just as effective in enhancing the energy conversion efficiency."
The team performed theoretical calculations and found the boost in efficiency instead resulted from the nanoparticles' ability to improve light scattering.
"We started to basically play around with nanoparticle distribution in the model, and we started to see that as you distribute the particles far away from each other, you start to see some enhanced scattering," said Thomas Brown, associate professor at the University of Rome. "Then we had this breakthrough."
Adding the nanoparticles boosted the efficiency of perovskite solar cells by 1% in the study, the scientists reported in the journal ACS Energy Letters. The scientists said changing the shape, size and distribution of nanoparticles within these devices could yield higher efficiencies.
"So some optimum shape, distribution or size can actually lead to even more photocurrent enchantment," Priya said. "That could be the future research direction based on ideas from this research."
Nanoparticle 'backpacks' restore damaged stem cells
Within a newborn's umbilical cord lie potentially life-saving stem cells that can be used to fight diseases like lymphoma and leukemia. That is why many new parents elect to store ("bank") their infant's stem cell-rich umbilical cord blood. But in the 6–15% of pregnancies affected by gestational diabetes, parents lack this option because the condition damages the stem cells and renders them useless.
Now, in a study forthcoming in Communications Biology, bioengineers at the University of Notre Dame have shown that a new strategy can restore the damaged stem cells and enable them to grow new tissues again.
At the heart of this new approach are specially engineered nanoparticles. At just 150 nanometers in diameter—about a quarter of the size of a red blood cell—each spherical nanoparticle is able to store medicine and deliver it just to the stem cells themselves by attaching directly onto the stem cells' surface. Due to their special formulation or "tuning," the particles release the medicine slowly, making it highly effective even at very low doses.
Donny Hanjaya-Putra, an assistant professor of aerospace and mechanical engineering in the bioengineering graduate program at Notre Dame who directs the lab where the study was conducted, described the process using an analogy. "Each stem cell is like a soldier. It is smart and effective; it knows where to go and what to do. But the 'soldiers' we are working with are injured and weak. By providing them with this nanoparticle 'backpack,' we are giving them what they need to work effectively again."
The main test for the new "backpack"-equipped stem cells was whether or not they could form new tissues. Hanjaya-Putra and his team tested damaged cells without "backpacks" and observed that they moved slowly and formed imperfect tissues. But when Hanjaya-Putra and his team applied "backpacks," previously damaged stem cells began forming new blood vessels, both when inserted in synthetic polymers and when implanted under the skin of lab mice, two environments meant to simulate the conditions of the human body.
Although it may be years before this new technique reaches actual health care settings, Hanjaya-Putra explained that it has the clearest path of any method developed so far. "Methods that involve injecting the medicine directly into the bloodstream come with many unwanted risks and side effects," Hanjaya-Putra said. In addition, new methods like gene editing face a long journey to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. But Hanjaya-Putra's technique used only methods and materials already approved for clinical settings by the FDA.
Hanjaya-Putra attributed the study's success to a highly interdisciplinary group of researchers. "This was a collaboration between chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, biology and medicine—and I always find that the best science happens at the intersection of several different fields."
The study's lead author was former Notre Dame postdoctoral student Loan Bui, now a faculty member at the University of Dayton in Ohio; stem cell biologist Laura S. Haneline and former postdoctoral fellow Shanique Edwards from the Indiana University School of Medicine; Notre Dame Bioengineering doctoral students Eva Hall and Laura Alderfer; Notre Dame undergraduates Pietro Sainaghi, Kellen Round and 2021 valedictorian Madeline Owen; Prakash Nallathamby, research assistant professor, aerospace and mechanical engineering; and Siyuan Zhang from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.
The researchers hope their approach will be used to restore cells damaged by other types of pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia. "Instead of discarding the stem cells," Hanjaya-Putra said, "in the future we hope clinicians will be able to rejuvenate them and use them to regenerate the body. For example, a baby born prematurely due to preeclampsia may have to stay in the NICU with an imperfectly formed lung. We hope our technology can improve this child's developmental outcomes."
Magnetic nanoparticles can release anti-cancer microRNA on command
Researchers are pursuing ever-more sophisticated treatments to tackle lung cancer. Traditional chemotherapy can have serious side-effects throughout the body, so many new treatments are highly targeted. These methods allow controlled release directly at the tumor using selective agents that are less likely to produce off-target effects.
An article published in Biomedical Engineering Advances presents such a strategy. Daniel Hayes and colleagues at Pennsylvania State University in the United States created magnetic nanoparticles that can be triggered to release a therapeutic payload when stimulated using a magnetic field.
The technique should allow a doctor to administer the nanoparticles intravenously and then expose the tumor to an alternating magnetic field radiofrequency (AMF-RF) from outside the body. This will trigger the nanoparticles flowing through the area to heat up slightly and release their therapeutic payload precisely where it is needed.
The payload in question is a short strand of RNA known as a microRNA. In this case, the researchers connected the nanoparticles to a synthetic version of a microRNA called miR-148b, which has been shown to have tumor suppressing activity. Using a heat-sensitive chemical bond called a Diels-Alder cycloadduct, they joined the particles and microRNA, so that the bond would disintegrate and release the microRNA when heated using AMF-RF.
Upon testing their nanoparticles in lung cancer cells, the research team found that the particles successfully entered the cells and released their microRNA payload when exposed to AMF-RF. One day later, the researchers performed tests to see if the treated cancer cells had died.
They found that a significant number of cells had died in the group that received the nanoparticle/ AMF-RF treatment compared with groups that received no treatment, nanoparticles with no payload, or fully loaded nanoparticles but no AMF-RF. The results demonstrate that the technique has significant promise, and could pave the way for more advanced studies in animals.