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White Paper: Unleashing the Potential of Nanotechnology for Superior Energy Storage and Solar Conversion Solutions
Introduction:
In pursuing a sustainable future, the global challenge of improving energy storage and solar conversion has become increasingly urgent.
However, the emergent field of nanotechnology offers extraordinary possibilities in the area of sustainable energy, providing innovative solutions for improving green energy.
This white paper investigates the most recent breakthroughs in nanotechnology that pave the way for more effective and efficient energy storage and solar conversion.
Global challenge and nanoscale innovations:
The global challenge of transitioning from fossil fuels to sustainable energy sources necessitates advanced technology, and nanotechnology offers a promising solution in this area.
A report by Nanotechnology Product Database said: “There is a growing tendency for using nanotechnology in the renewable energies industrial sector, in which most worldwide leader manufacturers are using nanotechnology in many of their products”
Working at the nanoscale level, scientists and engineers have significantly improved energy storage and solar conversion technologies' performance and efficiency.
Nanoscale innovations have improved energy storage, creating advanced batteries with higher energy density and faster charging. Nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes enhance battery stability and lifespan through nanoscale coatings, facilitating quicker ion diffusion.
Nanotechnology has also boosted solar cell efficiency by incorporating nanoscale structures like quantum dots and perovskite materials. This leads to improved light absorption, better charge separation, and minimised energy losses, enabling more efficient conversion of sunlight into electricity.
Moreover, nanotechnology enables compact and efficient energy conversion and storage systems. Hybrid solar cells using nanomaterials generate electricity and store energy simultaneously, ensuring uninterrupted power supply even in low-light conditions. Nanoscale supercapacitors offer high power density and rapid energy discharge, ideal for energy storage applications.
Potential barriers to entry in Energy Storage and Conversion:
These include:
· Exorbitant expenditure for research and development: Delving into nanotechnology for energy storage and conversion necessitates substantial funding, posing a financial challenge for emerging companies or researchers in the sector.
· Lengthy development process: Creating new and innovative nanomaterials for energy purposes can be a drawn-out process, contributing to the hurdles faced by novices in the field.
· Regulatory barriers: Before new nanomaterials are given the green light for energy storage or solar conversion, they must surmount numerous regulatory obstacles, further complicating the market penetration pathway.
Market Size:
Despite the obstacles, the Energy Storage and Conversion market is experiencing swift growth. It is expected to grow to $17 billion by 2028, according to the report from Markets and Markets, which said:
“The ongoing revolution in renewable energy is contributing to this market growth.”
The increasing demand for renewable energy and the transition towards electric transportation create substantial market opportunities for advanced batteries and nanotechnology-enabled solar cells.
Success in Nanotechnology Energy Storage and Conversion:
Nanotech-based lithium-ion batteries: Sila Nanotechnologies, established in 2011 with over $900 million in funding, has made significant strides in the evolution of battery technology. This innovation integrates effortlessly into current battery production processes, resulting in batteries with superior energy density. This advancement addresses various needs, from wearable technology and portable devices to electric vehicles and practical renewable energy usage, strengthening performance and reliability in diverse applications.
Nanosolar is a company that specializes in the production of thin-film solar cells and panels. The firm provides solar energy solutions through a printing process, geared towards efficient power generation. By leveraging the CIGS platform, Nanosolar enhances conversion rates, thereby optimizing the performance of their printed solar energy offerings.
Black silicon: Natcore Technology is a company with a unique license from the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory, empowering it to produce and market black silicon products. This technology includes equipment, chemicals, and solar cells derived from nano-porous etched silicon, which appears black due to minimal light reflection. By boosting solar energy generation, Natcore's work can reduce reliance on fossil fuels, decrease greenhouse gas emissions, and promote clean, renewable energy sources.
Investment and Start-ups in Nanotechnology for Energy Storage and Conversion:
There has been a significant influx of investment in the field of nanotechnology for energy storage and conversion.
Esteemed organisations such as the United States Department of Energy (DOE), and the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) have been pioneering this movement with substantial expenditure on research and development of advanced nanotechnologies, which are aimed at enhancing the efficiency of energy systems and curbing costs.
A report from JST said: “For more than half a century as an advanced country, Japan has continuously been a leader in academic research, technological development, and industrial activity that have produced actual products in the field of nanotechnology and materials and Japan has accumulated scientific knowledge and technologies.”
In particular, the DOE has played a pivotal role in nurturing innovation in nanotechnology-enabled energy solutions, which are poised to revolutionise various facets of energy storage and conversion.
The convergence has given rise to both investments and startups harnessing the potential of nanomaterials and nanotechnology applications to revolutionise various Energy Storage and Conversion aspects.
Startups can operate at reduced costs compared to their larger counterparts. They excel at resource optimisation, creating affordable solutions, and fostering more widespread energy storage and conversion access.
Leading companies securing major space industry investment include:
· NextEra Energy: As one of the leading utility companies in the U.S., NextEra Energy, powers over 5 million Floridians while also holding global prominence as the largest generator of renewable energy from wind and solar and a world leader in battery storage.
· Toshiba: Toshiba’s energy storage solution employs their SCIB technology and a high-performance DC/AC converter, offering an efficient and durable system that optimises peak load management and system stability.
· Sonnen GmbH: This German company provides cost-effective renewable energy generation and battery storage solutions with a mission to empower its customers with grid-independent, clean energy.
· Fluence: Fluence is a global leader in energy technologies and services, providing three distinct pre-set systems tailored to suit a range of clients and their respective applications.
Key Academic Institutes Working in Nanotechnology Energy Storage and Conversion:
Universities and research institutions across the globe are engaged in the study and development of nanomaterials, focusing on creating novel materials for energy storage and conversion. Key contributors in this field include:
· Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT): The MIT Energy Initiative is a multi-disciplinary initiative that addresses the global energy challenge, including nanotechnology research.
· Stanford University: Stanford's Nano Shared Facilities (SNF) conducts extensive research on nanotechnology, including energy storage and conversion projects.
· Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich): The Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering at ETH Zurich conducts extensive research in energy storage and conversion, including the application of nanotechnology.
· University of Cambridge: The Nanoscience Centre and the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy conduct relevant research.
· National University of Singapore (NUS): The NUS Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative conducts extensive research on nanotechnology with various applications, including energy.
· Imperial College London: The London Centre for Nanotechnology researches nanotech energy.
· Nanyang Technological University, Singapore: The Energy Research Institute conducts work in nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion.
· Tsinghua University, China: The Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics and the School of Materials Science and Engineering work on nanotech energy projects.
· ETH Zurich, Switzerland: Their Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering has ongoing research in nanotech for energy applications.
Industry Insights and Academic Quotes:
"Utilizing the unique power of nanoscale innovation in energy storage and solar conversion is a critical leap forward for the future of sustainable energy. Its ability to augment efficiency and diminish costs is transformative and delivers commercial scalability. Indeed, it's not just an enhancement; it's the cornerstone of constructing a future of sustainable energy." - Paul Stannard, Chairman and Founder at World Nano Foundation.
“Nanostructured materials and nanoarchitectured electrodes can provide solutions for designing and realising high-energy, high-power, and long-lasting energy storage devices.” – Said a spokesperson for American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Conclusion:
Advancements in energy storage and conversion depend heavily on material science, and nanotechnology serves as a pivotal component in this progress, particularly in the realm of advanced batteries and solar cells.
Despite the existing hurdles, the advanced energy storage and conversion solutions market is on a growth trajectory. Investments and startups that revolve around nanotechnology for energy storage and conversion, in addition to prominent academic institutions like the United States Department of Energy (DOE), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), and esteemed universities worldwide, understand the importance of crafting new materials for sustainable energy applications.
Nanomaterials possess the potential to greatly enhance ion transportation and electron conductivity, which could be the solution to advancing this field.
With continuous research and collaboration, nanotechnology will persist in driving innovation and serve as an essential tool for pioneers in the field of energy storage and conversion, empowering them to break new ground in sustainable energy solutions.
To access the full report in a PDF format, please click on the link below:-
WNF Storage & Conversion White Paper
Note to editors: Commercial Applications for Nanotech and Energy Storage and Conversion Whitepaper
This report on the commercial applications of nanotechnology in energy storage and conversion is based on an exhaustive survey of existing literature, technical documents, and research papers from esteemed sources in the fields of materials science and energy technology. The research methodology used to assemble this report encompassed the following stages:
1. Literature Review: An extensive literature review was carried out to accumulate relevant information on the latest developments in nanotechnology and their implications for energy storage and conversion. A broad array of scientific databases, scholarly journals, industry reports, and authoritative websites were examined to compile diverse sources.
2. Data Collection: The data collected included information on nanomaterials, their properties, and their potential applications in energy storage and conversion. Moreover, data regarding the challenges and opportunities associated with nanotechnology's implementation in the energy sector were also assembled. The emphasis was on the most recent advancements and trends in the field.
3. Data Analysis: The gathered data was meticulously analysed to discern key themes, trends, and insights. This analysis involved synthesising information from various sources, identifying patterns, and drawing impactful conclusions. We placed a spotlight on how these breakthroughs at the nanoscale could facilitate more efficient energy storage and conversion mechanisms.
Table of Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Global Challenge and Nanoscale Innovations
2.1 Advanced Batteries
2.2 Solar Cells
2.3 Hybrid Systems and Supercapacitors
3. Potential Barriers to Entry in Energy Storage and Conversion
3.1 Financial Constraints
3.2 Lengthy Development Process
3.3 Regulatory Barriers
4. Market Size and Growth of Energy Storage and Conversion
5. Success in Nanotechnology Energy Storage and Conversion
5.1 Case Study: Sila Nanotechnologies
6. Investment and Start-ups in Nanotechnology for Energy Storage and Conversion
6.1 Role of Government and International Agencies
6.2 Start-ups and Their Influence
6.3 Major Industry Players
7. Key Academic Institutes Working in Nanotechnology Energy Storage and Conversion
8. Industry Insights and Academic Quotes
9. Conclusion
Glossary of words:
1. Nanotechnology: A branch of technology that deals with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometers, especially the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules.
2. Energy Storage: The capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time.
3. Solar Conversion: The process of converting the energy of the sun into electricity or other forms of energy that can be used for practical applications.
4. Carbon Nanotubes: Cylindrical large molecules consisting of a hexagonal arrangement of hybridized carbon atoms forming a tube.
5. Quantum Dots: Nanoscale semiconductor particles that have optical and electronic properties that differ from larger particles due to quantum mechanics.
6. Perovskite Materials: A type of mineral consisting of calcium titanium oxide, or related compounds of different elements, having a specific crystalline structure.
7. Supercapacitors: High-capacity capacitors that bridge the gap between electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable batteries.
8. Hybrid Solar Cells: Solar cells that combine both organic and inorganic materials to maximize efficiency and durability.
Subjects:
9. Sustainable Energy: Energy that is produced and used in ways that support long-term human development in a social, economic, and ecologically sustainable manner.
10. Energy Density: A measure of energy storage capacity per unit volume or mass.
11. Ion Diffusion: The movement of ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
12. Energy Efficiency: Using less energy to provide the same service.
13. Energy Systems: Systems used for the production, transmission, and consumption of energy.
14. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs):
15. Energy Density: The amount of energy stored in a system or region of space per unit volume.
16. Charging Speed: The rate at which energy storage devices such as batteries can be charged.
17. Efficiency of Solar Cells: The percentage of solar energy that can be converted into usable electricity.
18. Market Size: The total potential for sales in a particular market.
19. Investment Amount: The total amount of money invested in research and development in the field of energy storage and conversion.
20. Number of Start-ups: The total number of new companies established in the field of energy storage and conversion.
21. Regulatory Approvals: The number of approvals granted by regulatory bodies for the use of new materials in energy storage or solar conversion.
22. Adoption Rate of Nanotech Solutions: The speed at which new nanotechnology-based solutions are being accepted and used by consumers or industries.
23. Power Density of Supercapacitors: The amount of power that can be delivered per unit volume of the supercapacitor.
24. Stability of Advanced Batteries: The ability of advanced batteries to maintain their performance over time.
To access additional information on White Papers from the World Nano Foundation, please explore the following resources:
Whitepaper: Nanotechnology's Impact on Sustainable Agriculture through Key Commercial Applications
Nanotechnology in Agriculture: Pioneering a Sustainable Future
As our world grapples with a burgeoning population and the exacerbating impacts of climate change, the sustainability and security of our food sources are under unparalleled scrutiny. In the crosshairs of this crisis, the transformative power of nanotechnology emerges as a beacon of hope for modern agriculture.
The potential impact of nanotechnology is profound. By integrating this frontier science with traditional farming methods, we can revolutionize crop productivity without the need for expansive land acquisition or the excessive deployment of agrichemicals. Moreover, it promises more judicious resource management, a boon in today's resource-constrained world.
Recent financial analysis supports this optimism. An esteemed report by Insight Analytic delineates that the global agricultural nanotechnology market, which was pegged at an impressive USD321.1 billion in 2022, is poised to burgeon to USD 868.98 billion by 2031, reflecting a CAGR of 11.94%. This growth is projected to stem from the confluence of advanced agricultural practices and nanotechnologies in the coming half-decade. Furthermore, the application of these innovations is expected to mitigate environmental challenges, such as air and ground pollution, soil acidification, and the detrimental effects of eutrophication, among others.
So, how exactly does nanotechnology elevate agricultural outcomes?
An illuminating example lies in the realm of nanoscale nutrient delivery systems. These are adept at amplifying plant nutrient uptake, fostering superior growth, and optimizing yields. These microscopic carriers safeguard nutrients from deleterious processes like leaching or volatilization, ensuring plants' efficient nutrient assimilation. A consequential advantage is their capacity to pare down water consumption—a boon amidst global water scarcity.
Spotlighting innovators in this space, the New Zealand-based Nanobubble Agritech, which also has a presence in Australia, stands out. This enterprise harnesses nanobubble technology to bolster plant growth, disease resistance, and augment soil health and moisture retention. Nanobubbles, characterized by their diminutive size and distinctive physical properties, are touted as a premier aeration technique, having diverse global applications. Their capability to drastically amplify water use efficiency in farming—doubling water's productive capacity—is especially pivotal in water-scarce regions.
Another innovation lies in the nanoscale treatment of fertilizers, which prolongs nutrient release, amplifying crop benefits. Similarly, nanopesticides, by refining pesticide delivery precision, can potentially diminish their environmental and health repercussions.
A notable entity in this domain is the Italian enterprise, Nanomnia. Collaborating with the prestigious Alma Mater University of Verona, Nanomnia fabricates nanoparticles that encapsulate active ingredients within organic, biodegradable, and microplastic-free polymers, marking a significant stride in sustainable agritech.
Further complementing these advancements, nanosensors integrated into soil offer real-time insights into soil conditions—like moisture and nutrient levels, and potential disease presence. Such data-centric methodologies can substantially streamline irrigation and fertilization processes, curtailing resource squandering and mitigating environmental footprints.
However, as with all nascent technologies, nanotechnology's journey in agriculture is not devoid of challenges. From regulatory obstacles and potential environmental repercussions to societal apprehensions about modifying nature's agricultural techniques, there's a need for meticulous scrutiny. Ensuring the safety and efficacy of nano-agri products mandates rigorous checks and sustained monitoring.
To sum it up, nanotechnology holds the promise of reshaping global agriculture and addressing some of the world's most pressing challenges. It could indeed be instrumental in nourishing future generations. As research in nanoscale agricultural technologies burgeons, it becomes imperative to approach its integration responsibly, underpinned by comprehensive testing and transparent dialogues, ensuring its widespread acceptance and ensuring its benign deployment.
Revolutionizing Aircraft Design: The Role of Nanomaterials in Aviation
In the realm of aircraft design, two principles reign supreme: prioritising safety and striving for lightweight construction. The benefits of lighter planes are manifold, ranging from reduced fuel consumption to enhanced speed—a win-win scenario for the environment, travel times, and costs.
Conventional technologies have pushed the boundaries of what they can contribute to the design process, necessitating a new approach. Enter nanomaterials, the potential game-changers in the aviation sector. With their unique advantages, including high strength, corrosion resistance, and low density, nanomaterials offer significant weight reduction opportunities for aircraft. However, their impact extends beyond mere weight reduction.
Integrating nanomaterials ensures enhanced durability and longevity, setting new standards for aircraft efficiency. These materials can potentially transform the aerospace industry, offering economic opportunities and advancements in technology, fuel efficiency, material science, and overall sustainability.
Based on a business report released earlier this year, the Aerospace Nanotechnology market was valued at approximately US$5.6 Billion in 2022. The report predicts that the market will expand and reach US$8.1 Billion by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.6%.
This significant growth aligns with Infinium Global Research which said, “The increase in the adoption of carbon nanotube nanocomposites in the manufacturing of airframes is majorly driving the aerospace nanotechnology market. Reinforcing carbon nanotubes in a material improves the strength and durability of that material.”
This growing trend complements the integrating of nanomaterials into 3D printing processes and has emerged as a promising avenue for manufacturing essential engine components and other materials. By incorporating nanomaterials into 3D-printed plastics, faster and cost-effective part replacement becomes a reality. Remarkably, these replacement parts maintain the same strength and longevity as their conventional counterparts.
Beyond their role in lightweight construction, nanomaterials serve as effective protective shields against harsh environmental conditions. Some nanomaterials possess exceptional stability, conductivity, or insulation properties, making them ideal aeroplane safeguards. Aerospace giants like Boeing and Airbus have already embraced 3D printing, showcasing the transformative potential of this technology. As aviation components and aerospace systems continue to evolve, 3D printing is poised to assume an increasingly critical role in the sector. Additionally, novel innovations like NANOWEB® are revolutionising the industry.
NANOWEB®, a cutting-edge innovation, offers a versatile and efficient solution for anti-ice and anti-fog applications. This transparent, lightweight, and flexible film can seamlessly integrate with various clear surfaces, including aircraft windscreens, ensuring uninterrupted visibility with a simple press of a button.
Nanomaterials are poised to revolutionise the aircraft industry with their diminutive size, lightweight nature, and unique properties. Continued investment in this exciting field will soon see nanomaterials playing a major role in every aeroplane that graces the skies. The future of aviation, bolstered by nanomaterials, is undeniably soaring to new heights.
Whitepaper: Nanotechnology's Impact on Sustainable Agriculture through Key Commercial Applications
Introduction:
Nanotechnology - the manipulation of matter at the microscopic nanoscale level – is seen as a potential game-changer for the agricultural sector. The technology is already being applied to improve the efficiency and sustainability of agriculture.
We will explore the different ways in which nanotechnology is impacting sustainable agriculture, and focus on the leading institutes working in this space, plus spin-out nanotech companies developing these solutions along with the investment and funding in this burgeoning sector.
Nanotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture as well as Crop Production:
Nanotechnology has been applied in several ways to improve the efficiency and sustainability of environmentally friendly agriculture practices, but significantly in:
Dr Peng Zhang from Birmingham University, said : “Integrating AI and nanotechnology into precision agriculture will play a vital role in probing the design parameters of nanomaterials for use in fertilizer and pesticide delivery to ensure minimal impacts on soil health coupled with minimal nanomaterial residues remaining in the edible tissue portions - helping to ensure safe and sustainable agriculture.”
Precision agriculture: nanosensors can monitor soil moisture, temperature, nutrient levels, and other environmental factors, allowing farmers to optimize crop yields while reducing inputs such as water and fertilizer.
Smart delivery systems: nanoparticles can be used to deliver agrochemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides more efficiently, reducing waste and minimizing environmental impact.
Disease detection: nanosensors can detect the presence of plant pathogens, allowing farmers to take action before severe damage is done.
Food preservation: nanotechnology can be used to develop antimicrobial coatings for food packaging, extending the shelf life of food and reducing food waste.
Leading Institutes in Nanotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture:
Several leading research institutions in sustainable agriculture are working to develop and apply nanotechnology that support environmentally friendly agriculture practices, notably including:
Aberystwyth University, Wales, UK: researchers here have explored the potential of nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles and nanocoatings, in developing innovative solutions for the targeted delivery of pesticides, fungicides, and other agrochemicals. This approach aims to enhance the effectiveness of crop protection while minimizing the environmental impact of chemical inputs.
Another area of the university’s interest is the use of nanosensors for precision agriculture and soil monitoring. Nanosensors can provide real-time data on soil nutrients, moisture levels, and other important parameters, allowing farmers to make informed decisions about fertilizer application and irrigation.
By optimizing resource use through precision agriculture, nanotechnology can contribute to improving crop productivity and reducing environmental impact.
The University of California, Davis (UC Davis): UC Davis researchers have explored use of nanotechnology in the areas of crop production, pest management, and precision agriculture. They investigate the use of nanofertilizers to enhance nutrient uptake and efficiency, develop nanomaterial-based delivery systems for targeted and controlled release of agrochemicals, and utilize nanosensors for real-time monitoring of environmental parameters.
UC Davis also focuses on the potential risks and safety considerations associated with nanotechnology in agriculture. Collaborations with other institutions and stakeholders play a crucial role in advancing research and developing sustainable nanotechnology solutions for agriculture.
UC Davis’s interdisciplinary efforts contribute to finding innovative applications of nanotechnology in agriculture.
The National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) in Argentina: is focussed on developing nanomaterials for crop protection and disease management, aiming to enhance the effectiveness of agrochemicals while minimizing environmental impact.
INTA also explores the use of nanosensors for precision agriculture, enabling real-time monitoring of soil moisture, temperature, and nutrient levels to optimize resource management.
Safety considerations are another INTA priority, assessing the potential risks of nanomaterials and the guidelines for their safe use in agriculture.
Collaborations with national and international partners contribute to INTA's innovative nanotechnology research and development for agriculture.
The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi: is focussed on development of nanofertilizers to enhance crop productivity and reduce nutrient losses, as well as the targeted delivery of agrochemicals using nanomaterial-based systems for effective pest and disease management.
IIT also explores the use of nanosensors for real-time monitoring of soil moisture and nutrient levels, enabling precision agricultural practices.
The institute emphasizes safety considerations and collaborates with partners to ensure responsible and sustainable nanotechnology solutions for agriculture.
Spin-Out Nanotech Companies in Sustainable Agriculture:
There are several leading spin-out companies working on nanotechnology-based solutions for sustainable agriculture:
Vestaron Corporation: a Michigan, USA-based company that develops environmentally friendly biopesticides based on natural peptides. These are more targeted and effective than traditional chemical pesticides, thereby reducing environmental impact.
Apeel Sciences: a California, USA-based company that specializes in creating plant-based coatings for fruits and vegetables, which can extend their shelf life and reduce food waste. The company’s innovative technology is based on naturally occurring materials found in the skins, seeds, and pulp of fruits and vegetables, and forms a protective barrier that slows decay and spoilage.
These coatings are tasteless, odourless, and do not leave any residue, thereby making them safe for consumption.
Apeel Sciences has received significant investments from high-profile individuals and organizations, including Oprah Winfrey, Katy Perry, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Nanocare Technologies: this Indian company develops nanotechnology-based solutions for agriculture and food processing. Its products include nanocoatings for food packaging and nanosensors for monitoring crop health.
NanoPhos: a Greek company that develops nanotechnology-based solutions for agriculture and building materials. Its products include a nanoparticle-based fertilizer that reduces water usage and improves crop yields.
Market Size for Nanotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture:
The market for nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture, such as organic farming, herbicides and farming practices is still relatively small but expected to grow significantly; a report by MarketsandMarkets forecasts that the global nanotechnology market in agriculture will reach $16.7 billion by 2025, a compound growth rate of 25.4%.
The report cites increasing demand for sustainable agriculture practices and the development of innovative nanotechnology-based solutions as key drivers of market growth.
The US Department of Agriculture awarded $35 million in grants over the past five years to support research in this sector
Nanotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture:
Nanotechnology has already made a significant impact in various industries, and its potential for revolutionizing sustainable agriculture is increasingly clear.
Nanotechnology-based solutions have the potential to increase food production, reduce waste, and minimize environmental impact, making it a promising tool for achieving sustainable agriculture.
According to a recent whitepaper on the topic, nanotechnology has already shown promise in addressing some of the most significant challenges facing the agricultural sector today. Precision agriculture enabled by nanotechnology can help to optimize crop growth and minimize the use of harmful chemicals.
By improving soil health, nanotechnology can help to increase yields and reduce the need for fertilizers. These solutions can help to enhance food security, reduce environmental degradation, and improve farmers' livelihoods.
Academics in the field have expressed their support for nanotechnology's potential in sustainable agriculture. Professor Peter Majewski, Director of the University of South Australia's Future Industries Institute, said: "Nanotechnology offers exciting possibilities for sustainable agriculture, particularly in precision agriculture and targeted delivery of nutrients and pesticides.
With careful consideration of the risks and potential ethical concerns, nanotechnology can play a vital role in meeting the world's food security and environmental sustainability challenges."
Drawbacks to nano scale innovations within organic farming and sustainable development for agriculture:
Despite all the promise that nanotechnology offers agriculture there are several barriers to be overcome for its widespread adoption.
One major hurdle is scaling up nanotechnology applications in agricultural settings while maintaining their effectiveness and ensuring proper distribution and Paul Stannard, Founder at World Nano Foundation, added: “Research and development efforts must focus on finding effective and practical methods for implementing nanotechnology on a larger scale.”
As with any emerging technology, nanotechnology in agriculture must also be thoroughly assessed to ensure its safety for the environment, human health, and other living organisms.
So, it is recognised that regulatory frameworks need to be established to govern the development, deployment, and monitoring of nanotechnology applications in agriculture.
Furthermore, consumer acceptance plays a crucial role in the successful implementation of nanotechnology in agriculture. So, public awareness and understanding of nanotechnology's benefits, along with transparent communication about safety and environmental considerations, are seen as essential for gaining public trust and acceptance.
A nanomaterial can significantly enhance environmentally friendly agriculture practices.
Additional Peer Reviews and Experts in Nanotechnology in Agriculture:
NPJ Sustainable Agriculture a publication committed to innovative and influential research promoting actionable measures, progressions, and transformational modifications towards more ecologically-friendly and equitable food production systems.
The Founding Editor-in-Chief, Dr Daniel Rodriguez, said , "I fervently believe in generating superior quality evidence that backs the shift of agricultural systems from merely maintaining and preserving to actively repairing and enhancing, all while supporting the multi-faceted roles of agriculture." as it relates to Nanotechnology in Agriculture
NANOGRAFI, a company founded in Turkey, specialises in the development and production of nanomaterials, prominently featuring carbon-based materials like graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). A spokesperson said, "There are numerous challenges in agriculture that require attention and innovation to cater to the rising food demands, all the while maintaining an equilibrium with nature."
They continued “Nanoengineered materials are utilized in improving soil quality, developing effective nanofertilizers and nanopesticides, monitoring chemicals both in soil and in aqueous media, water and soil remediation, and animal production.”
Conclusion of this nanotech whitepaper for the future of sustainable agriculture:
Nanotechnology, as well as the use of nanomaterials, is a promising field that can play a significant role in sustainable agriculture. By harnessing the potential of nanotechnology, we can create a more sustainable, resilient, and equitable food system for all.
However, it is essential to ensure that the development and deployment of nanotechnology-based solutions are done responsibly and ethically, taking into account potential risks and unintended consequences.
By balancing the benefits of nanotechnology with its potential risks, we can ensure that it contributes to sustainable agriculture and supports a sustainable future.
The market for nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, driven by increasing demand for sustainable agriculture practices and the development of innovative nanotechnology-based solutions.
Investment in nanotechnology for sustainable agriculture has also been on the rise, indicating growing interest and recognition of the potential of this technology.
It's crucial to ensure that the development and deployment of nanotechnology-based solutions are done in a responsible and ethical manner, taking into account potential risks and unintended consequences.
It is essential to balance the benefits of nanotechnology with its potential risks, ensuring that it contributes to sustainable agriculture and food systems.
To access the full report in a PDF format, please click on the link below:-
Nanotech's Impact on Sustainable Agriculture White Paper
Note to editors: Commercial Applications for Nanotech and Agriculture whitepaper
This Commercial Applications for Nanotech and Agriculture whitepaper covers the following key principals and subjects that include - environmental friendly agriculture practice, crop production, forages, nanomaterial usage within agriculture, carbon nanotube within organic farming, along with herbicides used within farming practices and farming systems.
Food production is further enhanced through healthy organic farming sustainability and this can have huge health benefits through improved soil fertility, soil management, and soil quality when combined with other forms of technology in healthcare such as nanomedicine, nutraceuticals and nanoparticles.
The use of nanotechnology within this whitepaper will solve potential issues within crop rotation and have positive climate change implications, reduce soil erosion, and improve soil fertility.
Nanomaterials and nanotechnology are also used to support soil fertility management, nutrient management, agroforestry, pest control, tillage, plant growth, crop yield and sustainable growing practices, all delivered at a nanometre or below.
This whitepaper is available to World Nano Foundation whitepaper subscribers, where you can get more detailed reports that goes into more detail through a table of contents that covers the following: state reports, nanoscience, weed control, carbon nanotubes, permaculture, nanoelectronics, cash crops, resiliency, scanning tunnelling microscope, plant nutrition, soil conservation, food security, food system and food safety, as well as cropland, photonics, census of agriculture, family farms, food production, soil management practices, food products, water management, data visualisation, 3D printing, greenhouse gas emissions, crop diversity, nanofiber.
For contacting our team related to information quality, action plan for carbon sequestration all work being carried out under the US national nanotechnology initiative, please contact us directly or refer to our article menu, and find out more about membership at the World Nano Foundation to help with information quality, action plan around nanosystems for improving crop yields and organic farming.
Table of Contents for Commercial Applications for Nanotech and Agriculture whitepaper:
Introduction
Nanotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture as well as Crop Production
2.1 Precision Agriculture
2.2 Smart Delivery Systems
2.3 Disease Detection
2.4 Food Preservation
Leading Institutes in Nanotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture
3.1 Aberystwyth University, Wales, UK
3.2 The University of California, Davis (UC Davis)
3.3 The National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) in Argentina
3.4 The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi
Spin-Out Nanotech Companies in Sustainable Agriculture
4.1 Vestaron Corporation
4.2 Apeel Sciences
4.3 Nanocare Technologies
4.4 NanoPhos
Market Size for Nanotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture
Nanotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture: A Promising Future
Drawbacks to Nano Scale Innovations within Organic Farming and Sustainable Development for Agriculture
Conclusion of this Nanotech Whitepaper for the Future of Sustainable Agriculture
Note to Editors: Commercial Applications for Nanotech and Agriculture Whitepaper
Glossary of words, subjects and key performance indicators
Nanotechnology: The manipulation of matter at the microscopic nanoscale level.
Microscopic: Extremely small, at a scale that cannot be seen with the naked eye.
Game-changer: Something that has a significant impact or brings about a major shift.
Agricultural sector: The industry and activities related to farming and cultivation of crops.
Efficiency: The ability to accomplish tasks or achieve results with minimum waste or effort.
Sustainability: The practice of using resources in a way that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Nanosensors: Tiny sensors capable of detecting and measuring parameters at the nanoscale.
Nutrient: A substance that provides nourishment and is essential for the growth and maintenance of organisms.
Fertilizer: A substance added to soil or plants to provide essential nutrients for growth.
Pesticides: Substances used to control or eliminate pests, such as insects or weeds.
Waste: Unwanted or discarded material or byproduct.
Environmental impact: The effect of human activities on the environment, including ecosystems, natural resources, and climate.
Disease detection: The process of identifying the presence of diseases or pathogens.
Plant pathogens: Microorganisms that cause diseases in plants.
Food preservation: Techniques or methods used to prevent or slow down the spoilage of food.
Antimicrobial coatings: Coatings that inhibit the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi.
Shelf life: The length of time a product can be stored before it becomes unsuitable for use or consumption.
Institutes: Organizations or academic institutions dedicated to research and education in specific fields.
Precision agriculture: The use of technology and data to optimize agricultural practices and resource management.
Soil moisture: The amount of water present in the soil.
Temperature: The degree of hotness or coldness of a substance or environment.
Leading: Prominent or influential.
Spin-out: A company that is created as a result of research or development within another organization.
Agrochemicals: Chemicals used in agriculture, such as fertilizers and pesticides.
Crop protection: Measures taken to prevent or minimize damage to crops from pests, diseases, or environmental factors.
Fungicides: Substances used to control or eliminate fungal diseases.
Nanomaterials: Materials at the nanoscale, typically composed of nanoparticles.
Innovation: The introduction of something new or significantly improved.
Real-time data: Data that is continuously updated and available immediately.
Resource management: The efficient and effective utilization of resources.
Yield: The amount of agricultural product obtained from a specific area or quantity of crops.
Irrigation: The artificial application of water to land or crops to assist in growth and development.
Efficiency: The ability to accomplish tasks or achieve results with minimum waste or effort.
Pest management: Strategies and methods used to control or manage pests in agriculture.
Risks: Possible dangers or negative consequences.
Safety considerations: Factors or measures taken into account to ensure safety.
Collaborations: Cooperative efforts or partnerships between individuals or organizations.
Effectiveness: The degree to which something is successful in producing the desired results.
Nutrient uptake: The absorption and utilization of nutrients by plants.
Controlled release: The gradual and controlled release of a substance over time.
Pest and disease management: Strategies and measures to control or manage pests and diseases in agriculture.
Soil fertility: The ability of soil to support plant growth and provide necessary nutrients.
Nanorobots: Tiny robotic devices or machines designed to perform specific tasks at the nanoscale.
Soil composition: The arrangement and combination of minerals, organic matter, and organisms in the soil.
Sustainable agriculture: Agricultural practices that are environmentally friendly, economically viable, and socially responsible.
Water management: The control and conservation of water resources in agriculture.
Adaptability: The ability to adjust or modify in response to changing circumstances or conditions.
Smart farming: The use of technology and data-driven solutions to optimize farming practices.
Crop yield monitoring: The process of measuring and tracking the productivity of crops.
Efficiency gains: Improvements in productivity or resource utilization that result in increased efficiency.
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Revolutionizing Brain Stimulation Therapy: Rice University Engineers Develop Ultraflexible, Minimally Invasive Nanoelectrodes
Conventional implantable medical devices designed for brain stimulation are often too rigid and bulky for what is one of the body's softest and most delicate tissues.
To address the problem, Rice University engineers have developed minimally invasive, ultraflexible nanoelectrodes that could serve as an implanted platform for administering long-term, high-resolution stimulation therapy.
According to a study published in Cell Reports, the tiny implantable devices formed stable, long-lasting and seamless tissue-electrode interfaces with minimal scarring or degradation in rodents. The devices delivered electrical pulses that match neuronal signaling patterns and amplitudes more closely than stimuli from conventional intracortical electrodes.
The devices' high biocompatibility and precise spatiotemporal stimulus control could enable the development of new brain stimulation therapies such as neuronal prostheses for patients with impaired sensory or motor functions.
"This paper uses imaging, behavioral and histological techniques to show how these tissue-integrated electrodes improve the efficacy of stimulation," said Lan Luan, an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering and a corresponding author on the study. "Our electrode delivers tiny electrical pulses to excite neural activity in a very controllable manner.
"We were able to reduce the current necessary to elicit neuronal activation by more than an order of magnitude. Pulses can be as subtle as a couple hundred microseconds in duration and one or two microamps in amplitude."
The new electrode design developed by researchers in the Rice Neuroengineering Initiative represents a significant improvement over conventional implantable electrodes used to treat conditions such as Parkinson's disease, epilepsy and obsessive-compulsive disorder, which can cause adverse tissue responses and unintended changes in neural activity.
"Conventional electrodes are very invasive," said Chong Xie, an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering and a corresponding author of the study. "They recruit thousands or even millions of neurons at a time."
"Each of those neurons is supposed to have their own tune and coordinate in a specific pattern. But when you shock them all at the same time, you're basically disrupting their function. In some cases that works fine for you and has the desired therapeutic effect. But if, for example, you want to encode sensory information, you need much greater control over the stimuli."
Xie likened stimulation via conventional electrodes with the disruptive effect of "blowing an airhorn in everyone's ear or having a loudspeaker blaring" in a roomful of people.
"We used to have this very big loudspeaker, and now everyone has an earpiece," he said.
The ability to adjust the frequency, duration and intensity of the signals could enable the development of novel sensory prosthetic devices.
"Neuron activation is more diffuse if you use a larger current," Luan said. "We were able to reduce the current and showed that we have a much more focused activation. This can translate to higher-resolution stimulation devices."
Luan and Xie are core members of the Rice Neuroengineering Initiative and their labs are also collaborating on the development of an implantable visual prosthetic device for blind patients.
"Envision one day being able to implant electrode arrays to restore impaired sensory function: The more focused and deliberate is the activation of the neurons, the more precise the sensation you're generating," Luan said.
An earlier iteration of the devices was used to record brain activity.
"We have had a series of publications showing this intimate tissue integration enabled by our electrode's ultraflexible design really improves our ability to record brain activity for longer durations and with better signal-to-noise ratios," said Luan, who has been promoted to associate professor effective July 1.
White Paper: Space Exploration Unveiling the Potential of Nanotechnology in Advanced Materials Science
Introduction:
Space exploration has always been a subject of fascination and intrigue for humanity, but it poses immense challenges, especially for materials science needed to withstand the harsh conditions of space.
However, recent breakthroughs in nanoscience offer remarkable opportunities in the realm of space exploration, providing promising solutions for enhancing space travel and advancing our space program.
This white paper will explore the latest advances in materials science, which are making space exploration more feasible and effective.
Global challenge and nanoscale innovations:
Space exploration is a global challenge that needs cutting-edge technology, and one of the most promising areas here is nanotechnology.
At the nanoscale, materials exhibit unique properties that can be tailored to meet the specific needs of space exploration.
For example, carbon nanotubes possess exceptional mechanical and electrical properties, plus remarkable strength, lightness, and resistance to extreme conditions and radiation. This enables more cost-effective and robust yet lightweight spacecraft structures, enhancing the efficiency of launching payloads into space.
Incorporating carbon nanotubes into spacecraft structures enables the development of more cost-effective and robust yet lightweight designs, ultimately enhancing the efficiency of launching payloads into outer space.
Spacecraft can also benefit from nanoscale coatings: thin layers of material applied to surfaces to defend against space hazards like radiation and micrometeoroids. These metal, ceramic, or polymer coatings can absorb or reflect radiation while forming a barrier against micrometeoroid penetration, thereby safeguarding spacecraft from environmental threats and ensuring mission safety and longevity.
A third nanoscale boost to space exploration comes from nanosensors, tiny devices able to detect and measure physical and chemical properties. In space exploration, nanosensors can monitor temperature, pressure, radiation levels and identify water or other chemicals on celestial bodies or ensure spacecraft health, prevent failures and extend mission lifespan.
Potential barriers to entry in space exploration:
These include:
· High cost of research and development: Materials science for space exploration requires substantial investment, making it expensive for new companies or researchers to enter the field.
· Time-consuming: Developing new and advanced materials for space exploration can be lengthy, adding to the challenges for newcomers.
· Regulatory hurdles: Before new materials can be approved for use in space, they must overcome regulatory barriers, further complicating market entry.
Size of the market:
Despite the challenges, the market for advanced materials in space exploration is growing rapidly and expected to reach $630.23 billion by 2028, according to a report by Emergen Research, which commented:
“Major factors contributing to the market revenue growth are technological advancements, flexibility of 3D printing and Additive Manufacturing and cost and weight reductions of components used in space assets.”
This growth is driven by the increasing demand for materials that can withstand the harsh conditions of space, enabling us to explore further and push the boundaries of space exploration.
Success Stories in Space Exploration:
Nanocoatings for Spacecraft Protection: The European Space Agency (ESA) has successfully implemented nanocoatings on spacecraft surfaces for enhanced protection. In one notable case, ESA developed a nanocoating called "SolarWhite" for its Solar Orbiter mission. The coating effectively reflects solar radiation and thermal energy, preventing excessive heat absorption and thermal stress on the spacecraft. This application of nanotechnology ensures the longevity and reliability of the spacecraft in the harsh space environment.
Nanosatellites Enabling Lunar Exploration: LunaSonde, a startup focused on nanosatellite technology, is actively contributing to lunar exploration. They have developed nanosatellites equipped with advanced sensors to gather data about the Moon's surface, composition, and geological features. These nanosatellites enable cost-effective and efficient data collection, paving the way for future lunar missions and scientific discoveries. The success of LunaSonde highlights the potential of nanotechnology in enabling exploration beyond Earth's orbit.
Investment and start-ups for nanotechnology in space exploration:
There has been significant new investment in materials science for space exploration.
The USA’s long-established National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has highlighted this with its Game Changing Development Program, spending heavily on research and development of advanced materials to enhance spacecraft performance and reduce costs.
NASA explains the importance of nanotech developing innovative solutions for protecting spacecraft during atmospheric entry , ‘'Nanotechnology is providing new concepts for multipurpose shields against the triple threats of Aeroheating during atmospheric entry”
The agency's Advanced Materials and Processing Branch has successfully developed lightweight composites, high-temperature ceramics, and radiation-resistant materials for space applications.
The convergence has given rise to both investments and startups harnessing the potential of nanosatellites, nanomaterials, and nanotechnology applications to revolutionize various aspects of space exploration.
Startups have the advantage of operating at lower costs compared to larger organizations. They optimize resources, develop cost-effective solutions, and contribute to democratizing access to space exploration.
Leading companies securing major space industry investment include:
· Deep Space Industries (DSI) - DSI secured a strategic investment of $3.5 million from Solway Group to expedite the development of its technologies for asteroid resource utilization.
· Astroscale – has raised over $191 million in funding through multiple investment rounds for its space debris removal solutions.
· Orbion Space Technology - Orbion announced a $20 million Series B funding round led by Material Impact to accelerate the deployment of its plasma propulsion systems.
And leading startups include:
· Nanoracks - Is a prominent provider of commercial access to space and specializes in CubeSat deployers and payloads and is working on nanomaterials for advanced space technologies.
· Nanobiosym – Is a company at the forefront of nanotechnology, biomedicine, and physics. It has received funding from government agencies and prestigious awards, including the XPRIZE, further solidifying its status as a prominent startup in the field. In 2017, Nanobiosym sent two strains of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria to the International Space Station to study their mutations and antibiotic resistance.
· LunaSonde - Is a startup specializing in nanosatellite technology for lunar exploration. Its focus on nanosatellite technology is attracting interest from venture capitalists, has government grants potential, and may bring strategic partnerships with other companies or agencies.
Key academic institutes working in nanotechnology space exploration:
Academic institutions worldwide are actively conducting research in nanomaterials and developing innovative materials for space exploration. Major players include:
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) - United States: a federally funded research and development center managed by NASA. It focuses on the design, development, and operation of robotic missions to explore the solar system and beyond.
California Institute of Technology (Caltech) - United States: a renowned research institution that partners closely with NASA and operates JPL. It has a strong focus on space-related research and has been involved in numerous space missions and discoveries.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - United States: is known for its contributions to aerospace engineering and space-related research. It collaborates with various space agencies and organizations to advance the field of space exploration.
University of Cambridge - United Kingdom: has a rich history in space research and is home to several institutes and research groups dedicated to space exploration. It has contributed to a range of space missions and projects.
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT) - Russia: a leading institute in Russia known for its expertise in space-related research, including astrophysics, space physics, and satellite technology.
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) - India: the national space agency of India, it conducts space research, satellite development, and space exploration missions. It collaborates with various academic institutions within India.
Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT) - China: a prominent academic institution in China that focuses on space-related research, satellite technology, and space exploration missions. It works closely with China's national space agency, CNSA.
Other international agencies in space exploration using nanotechnology:
European Space Agency (ESA): The ESA is an intergovernmental organization dedicated to space exploration, research, and satellite technology. They recognize the potential of nanotechnology in space applications, including lightweight materials, advanced sensors, and miniaturized devices.
UK Space Agency: oversees the country's space activities, including satellite communications, space science, and space exploration.
China National Space Administration (CNSA): the national space agency of China responsible for the country's space exploration programs, satellite launches, and space technology development. It aims to leverage nanotechnology for space exploration, recognizing its potential for enhancing spacecraft performance, data collection capabilities, and mission efficiency.
Academic References
“Nanotechnology can be leveraged for space applications in the form of nano-sized sensors and materials. These nanomaterials can create lighter and more durable spacecraft, as well as sensors that can detect radiation and other environmental factors. This will significantly improve the safety and efficiency of space exploration and make it possible to explore more distant and hostile environments.” – Shelli Brunswick, Space Foundation LINK.
“New materials such as graphene have the potential to be game changers in space exploration. In combination with the resources available on the Moon, advanced materials will enable radiation protection, electronics shielding and mechanical resistance to the harshness of the Moon’s environment. The Rashid rover will be the first opportunity to gather data on the behavior of graphene composites within a lunar environment,” - Carlo Iorio, Graphene Flagship Space Champion, from Universitié Libre de Bruxelles LINK.
“Nanotechnology takes space exploration to new frontiers, enabling us to go farther and discover more. By using tiny materials, we build spacecraft that are lighter, stronger, and more efficient. Nanosensors guide us through challenging environments, ensuring safe and successful missions.” – Paul Stannard, Founder at World Nano Foundation LINK.
Conclusion:
Space exploration relies on advances in materials science, and nanotechnology plays a crucial role in that progress, particularly in the field of spacecraft construction.
Barriers to entry exist, but the market for advanced space materials is growing. Investments and startups focused on nanotechnology for space exploration, as well as renowned academic institutions such as NASA, ESA, and MIT, recognize the significance of developing new materials for space applications.
These organizations and collaborations emphasize the importance of research projects and the allocation of research resources to further advancements in space science.
With ongoing research and collaboration, nanotechnology will continue to drive innovation and serve as a key tool for space pioneers, enabling them to push the boundaries of space exploration.
To access the full report in a PDF format, please click on the link below:-
Nanotechnology's Impact on Space Exploration White Paper
Note to editors: Commercial Applications for Nanotech and Space Exploration Whitepaper
This white paper on the role of nanotechnology in space exploration is based on a comprehensive review of existing literature, reports, and research papers from reputable sources in the field of materials science and space exploration. The research methodology employed in developing this white paper involved the following steps:
Literature Review: Extensive literature review was conducted to gather relevant information on the latest advances in nanotechnology and their application in space exploration. Various scientific databases, academic journals, industry reports, and reputable websites were consulted to collect a wide range of sources.
Data Collection: The collected data included information on nanomaterials, their properties, and their potential applications in space exploration. Additionally, data on the challenges and opportunities associated with the adoption of nanotechnology in the space industry were gathered. The focus was on recent developments and trends in the field.
Data Analysis: The collected data was carefully analyzed to identify key themes, trends, and insights. The analysis involved synthesizing information from different sources, identifying patterns, and drawing meaningful conclusions.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Space exploration and the challenges for materials science
Nanoscience breakthroughs and their impact on space exploration
Global challenge and nanoscale innovations
Nanotechnology's role in addressing the global challenge of space exploration
Unique properties of nanomaterials for space applications
Carbon nanotubes in spacecraft structures
Nanoscale coatings for spacecraft protection
Nanosensors for monitoring and safety in space exploration
Potential barriers to entry in space exploration
High cost of research and development
Time-consuming nature of material development
Regulatory hurdles for new materials
Size of the market
Growth projections for the advanced materials market in space exploration
Factors driving market growth
Success Stories in Space Exploration
Nanocoatings for spacecraft protection: The case of SolarWhite
Nanosatellites enabling lunar exploration: LunaSonde's contributions
Investment and start-ups for nanotechnology in space exploration
NASA's Game Changing Development Program
Investments in Deep Space Industries (DSI), Astroscale, and Orbion Space Technology
Startups like Nanoracks, Nanobiosym, and LunaSonde
Key academic institutes working in nanotechnology space exploration
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
University of Cambridge
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT)
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT)
Other international agencies in space exploration using nanotechnology
European Space Agency (ESA)
UK Space Agency
China National Space Administration (CNSA)
Academic References
Quotes from experts on the role of nanotechnology in space exploration
Conclusion
Nanotechnology's crucial role in advancing space exploration
Barriers, market growth, and investment in nanotechnology
Contributions of academic institutes and international agencies
The potential of nanotechnology to drive innovation in space exploration
Glossary of words, subjects and key performance indicators:
Nanoscience: The study of materials and phenomena at the nanoscale, typically involving structures with dimensions between 1 and 100 nanometers.
Nanoscale: The scale at which materials and structures exhibit unique properties and behaviors due to their nanometer-sized dimensions.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs): Cylindrical carbon structures with nanoscale dimensions. They possess exceptional mechanical and electrical properties, as well as remarkable strength, lightness, and resistance to extreme conditions and radiation.
Nanoscale coatings: Thin layers of material applied to surfaces to provide protection against space hazards such as radiation and micrometeoroids. These coatings can absorb or reflect radiation and act as a barrier against micrometeoroid penetration.
Nanosensors: Tiny devices capable of detecting and measuring physical and chemical properties at the nanoscale. In space exploration, nanosensors can monitor temperature, pressure, radiation levels, and identify water or other chemicals on celestial bodies, as well as ensure spacecraft health and extend mission lifespan.
Energy density: The amount of energy stored per unit volume or mass of a material or system. Batteries that use nanotubes as their electrode can increase the energy density by 10 times while withstanding extreme temperatures.
Regulatory barriers: Legal and administrative obstacles that new materials must overcome before they can be approved for use in space. These barriers can complicate the entry of new materials into the market.
3D printing and Additive Manufacturing: Manufacturing techniques that build objects layer by layer, often using computer-controlled processes. These methods offer flexibility and can contribute to cost and weight reductions of components used in space assets.
Game Changing Development Program: A program by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) focused on research and development of advanced materials to enhance spacecraft performance and reduce costs.
Nanosatellites: Small satellites with nanoscale dimensions and reduced mass. They are often used for various aspects of space exploration, including communications, data collection, and research.
Nanomaterials: Materials with nanoscale dimensions that exhibit unique properties and characteristics due to their size and structure.
Nanotechnology applications: The use of nanoscale materials and technologies in various fields, including space exploration, to enhance performance, efficiency, and safety.
Lightweight composites: Materials composed of two or more distinct components, such as carbon nanotubes and polymers, combined to create a material that is lightweight yet strong.
High-temperature ceramics: Ceramic materials designed to withstand extreme temperatures encountered in space exploration.
Radiation-resistant materials: Materials engineered to resist the damaging effects of radiation, such as those encountered in space environments.
Plasma propulsion systems: Propulsion systems that use plasma, a highly ionized gas, to generate thrust for spacecraft.
CubeSat deployers: Devices used to deploy CubeSats, which are small satellites with standardized dimensions (cubic units of 10 cm per side) often used for educational and research purposes.
Space debris removal solutions: Technologies and strategies aimed at mitigating the growing problem of space debris in Earth's orbit.
XPRIZE: A prestigious international competition that awards prizes to individuals or organizations that achieve specific technological advancements or goals.
Rashid rover: A rover designed to gather data on the behavior of graphene composites within a lunar environment.
Graphene: A single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice structure. It is known for its exceptional strength, electrical conductivity, and other unique properties.
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Exploring an Innovative Route for Turning Heat into Electrical Energy through Nanotechnology
Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have fabricated a novel device that could dramatically boost the conversion of heat into electricity. If perfected, the technology could help recoup some of the heat energy that is wasted in the U.S. at a rate of about $100 billion each year.
The new fabrication technique—developed by NIST researcher Kris Bertness and her collaborators—involves depositing hundreds of thousands of microscopic columns of gallium nitride atop a silicon wafer. Layers of silicon are then removed from the underside of the wafer until only a thin sheet of the material remains.
The interaction between the pillars and the silicon sheet slows the transport of heat in the silicon, enabling more of the heat to convert to electric current. Bertness and her collaborators at the University of Colorado Boulder reported the findings online March 23 in Advanced Materials.
Once the fabrication method is perfected, the silicon sheets could be wrapped around steam or exhaust pipes to convert heat emissions into electricity that could power nearby devices or be delivered to a power grid. Another potential application would be cooling computer chips.
The NIST-University of Colorado study is based on a curious phenomenon first discovered by German physicist Thomas Seebeck. In the early 1820s, Seebeck was studying two metal wires, each made of a different material, that were joined at both ends to form a loop.
He observed that when the two junctions connecting the wires were kept at different temperatures, a nearby compass needle deflected. Other scientists soon realized that the deflection occurred because the temperature difference induced a voltage between the two regions, causing current to flow from the hotter region to the colder one. The current created a magnetic field that deflected the compass needle.
In theory, the so-called Seebeck effect could be an ideal way to recycle heat energy that would otherwise be lost. But there's been a major obstacle. A material must conduct heat poorly in order to maintain a temperature difference between two regions yet conduct electricity extremely well to convert the heat to a substantial amount of electrical energy. For most substances, however, heat conductivity and electrical conductivity go hand in hand; a poor heat conductor makes for a poor electrical conductor and vice versa.
In studying the physics of thermoelectric conversion, theorist Mahmoud Hussein of the University of Colorado discovered that these properties could be decoupled in a thin membrane covered with nanopillars—standing columns of material no more than a few millionths of a meter in length, or about one-tenth the thickness of a human hair. His finding led to the collaboration with Bertness.
Using the nanopillars, Bertness, Hussein and their colleagues succeeded in uncoupling the heat conductivity from electrical conductivity in the silicon sheet—a first for any material and a milestone for enabling efficient conversion of heat to electrical energy. The researchers reduced the heat conductivity of the silicon sheet by 21% without lowering its electrical conductivity or changing the Seebeck effect.
In silicon and other solids, atoms are constrained by bonds and cannot move freely to transmit heat. As a consequence, the transport of heat energy takes the form of phonons—moving collective vibrations of the atoms. Both the gallium nitride nanopillars and the silicon sheet carry phonons, but those within the nanopillars are standing waves, pinned down by the walls of the tiny columns much the way a vibrating guitar string is held fixed at both ends.
The interaction between the phonons traveling in the silicon sheet and the vibrations in the nanopillars slow the traveling phonons, making it harder for heat to pass through the material. This reduces the thermal conductivity, thus increasing the temperature difference from one end to the other. Just as importantly, the phonon interaction accomplishes this feat while leaving the electrical conductivity of the silicon sheet unchanged.
The team is now working on structures fabricated entirely of silicon and with a better geometry for thermoelectric heat recovery. The researchers expect to demonstrate a heat-to-electricity conversion rate high enough to make their technique economically viable for industry.
Whitepaper: From centralized to decentralized healthcare - overcoming challenges and seizing opportunities through nanotechnology
Introduction:
Nanoscale innovation – notably nanomedicine and nano diagnostics – can be a gamechanger for healthcare, enabling a paradigm shift from a centralized model to a decentralized approach in that sector.
Nanotechnology involves the design, production, and use of materials at nanoscale level – a nanometre is a billionth of a metre. In healthcare, this tiny technology can diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases more effectively, delivering much improved health outcomes for patients.
This white paper aims to explore the many practical and commercial healthcare applications for nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology healthcare applications:
Nanoparticles can be used to create prosthetic limbs, pacemakers, and other medical devices.
· Diagnostics: nanoparticles can be used to detect biomarkers for various diseases, including cancer, through techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET).
Nanoparticles can also be engineered to bind to specific cells or tissues, easing disease identification and diagnosis.
· Therapeutics and drug delivery: nanoparticles engineered to carry drugs can then target specific cells or tissues, reducing the amount of drug needed, controlling the dosage over a specified time if required and minimizing side effects. For example, nanoparticles can carry chemotherapy drugs directly to cancer cells, boosting efficacy of the treatment while reducing side effects.
· Implants: nanoparticles can help create biocompatible implants, more readily accepted by the body. This technology can be used to create prosthetic limbs, pacemakers, and other medical devices.
· Anti-counterfeiting: nanotechnology can prevent counterfeiting of commercial drugs by adding tiny particles, known as quantum dots, to the drug packaging or the drug itself. Quantum dots are nanoscale crystals that emit a specific colour when excited by light. The colour can be controlled by changing the size of the quantum dots.
Investment and commercial start-ups:
The nanotechnology market size for healthcare applications, such as nanomedicine, nano diagnostics, quantum dot materials, cancer treatments using nanotechnology, and graphene – another nanomaterial – is hard to quantify as it encompasses various sub-sectors and applications. However, a recent report by Grand View Research, valued the global nanotechnology market at USD 54.2 billion and forecast a 14.9% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from now up to 2028.
Nanomedicine is one of the fastest-growing nanotechnologies, driven by advancements in drug delivery, disease diagnosis, and imaging technologies. Allied Market Research has valued the global nanomedicine market size at nearly $200 million, and projects it will almost double to $393 million by 2030 with a 9.2% CAGR.
Nano diagnostics is another promising nanotechnology sub-sector, driven by increasing demand for point-of-care testing, personalized medicine, and non-invasive diagnostic technologies. Market Research Future has forecast a global nano diagnostics market worth $15.8 billion by 2027 on the back of a 7.8% CAGR.
Quantum dots has emerged as a new class of nanomaterials with unique optical and electronic properties for various healthcare applications, including imaging, drug delivery, and cancer therapy. MarketsandMarkets says the quantum dot market will hit $8.6 billion by 2026, representing a CAGR of 16.2%.
A report by Precedence Research has valued the global cancer treatments market at $286 billion and expects it to more than double to $581 billion by 2030 - a 8.2% CAGR.
Cancer treatments using nanotechnology and nanoparticles are also making healthcare headlines, with several promising drug delivery and imaging technologies in development. A report by Precedence Research has valued the global cancer treatments market at $286 billion and expects it to more than double to $581 billion by 2030 - a 8.2% CAGR.
Graphene, a two-dimensional nanomaterial with unique mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, offers yet more healthcare breakthroughs, notably in drug delivery, biosensors, and tissue engineering. FortuneBusinessInsights has estimated the global graphene market at $337 million, growing to over $2 billion by 2029 – a 30.5% CAGR.
Not surprisingly, the nanotechnology opportunities in healthcare has fostered numerous start-ups and developments, notably:
· Nanospectra Biosciences: has a technology called AuroLase using gold nanoparticles to treat cancer. The nanoparticles are injected into the body and then activated by a laser, which heats the particles and destroys cancer cells.
· Respicardia: has created a pacemaker-like device that uses nanotechnology to stimulate the phrenic nerve, which controls breathing. The device is used to treat sleep apnea, a condition that causes breathing to stop and start during sleep.
· Nanopore Technologies: has developed a device that uses nanopores – tiny pores in a nanomaterial – to sequence DNA in real-time, providing rapid and accurate results.
· BIND Therapeutics: is a biopharmaceutical company researching nanotechnology-based targeted delivery of therapeutic drugs to cancer cells.
· Niramai: uses nanotechnology-based thermal imaging for the early detection of breast cancer.
· Resonant Nanotech: develops and produces graphene-based biosensors for various applications, including point-of-care diagnostics and environmental monitoring.
· CytImmune: specialises in cancer treatments based on its proprietary nanotechnology platform, which enhances delivery of therapeutic agents to tumors.
· Exicure: develops gene therapies using its proprietary nanotechnology-based platform, which enhances the delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids to target cells.
Academic Institutes:
Numerous academic institutes are also working to apply the science of nanotechnology and improve healthcare outcomes, and here are some of the most notable:
UCLA is creating nanotechnology-based therapies for conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders.
The Center for Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, USA – located at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), the center is creating nanotechnology-based therapies for various acute conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders.
The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, USA – is at Harvard University and developing nanotechnology-based medical devices, including implantable sensors and drug delivery systems.
The Institute for Molecular Manufacturing, USA – based in Palo Alto, California, the institute is developing molecular machines, including nanobots to treat diseases.
National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore – the NUS Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative (NUSNNI) is a multidisciplinary research centre focused on innovative nanotechnology solutions for healthcare, including nanomedicine, nano diagnostics, and nano biosensors.
Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), China – a joint research venture between Tsinghua University and the University of California, Berkeley, its nanotechnology research includes nanomedicine, cancer therapy, and drug delivery.
University College London (UCL), UK – the UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine focuses on research into nanomedicine, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering.
University of Cambridge, UK – the Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials (CCMM) is a multidisciplinary research center working on advanced materials for healthcare applications, with key areas being nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, and medical implants.
Technical University of Munich, Germany – the Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI) is developing innovative imaging technologies for healthcare applications, especially through nanotechnology-based imaging agents, molecular imaging, and in vivo imaging.
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden – the Division of Nanobiotechnology at KTH is working on nanotechnology-based solutions for healthcare applications, notably nanomedicine, biosensors, and drug delivery using nanoparticles.
Monash University, Australia – the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (MIPS) is researching innovative drug delivery systems using nanotechnologies, notably nanomedicine, targeted drug delivery, and nanoscale drug formulation.
Potential Barriers to healthcare decentralization:
Transition from a centralized to a decentralized healthcare model is a complex and challenging process needing significant investment, technological innovation, and policy changes.
Barriers to entry can include:
· Infrastructure: decentralized healthcare requires a robust and efficient infrastructure, including communication networks, data storage and sharing systems, and often expensive cutting-edge medical devices.
This can be costly and time-consuming, especially in developing countries with limited resources. However, advances in technology, such as cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT), can help here by sharing data and knowledge, while many nanotechnology healthcare breakthroughs are also cutting the cost of care, a point raised by a Forbes report:
“Nanotechnologies are able to significantly improve medical diagnostics by making them less expensive and convenient. A great example of this is smart pills, enabling doctors and patients to monitor a staggering number of diseases.”
· Regulatory and policy barriers: these can impede transition to decentralized healthcare. For example, current regulations may not allow the telemedicine or remote monitoring technologies essential to decentralized healthcare.
· Patient adoption: patients may resist new technologies and healthcare delivery models, so it is essential to invest in educating patients about the benefits of decentralized healthcare and provide them with easy-to-use and accessible technologies.
Conclusion:
Nanoscale innovation offers significant support towards decentralization of healthcare systems allowing early intervention solutions delivered at the point of care for better outcomes, rather than sending patients to a central location.
Decentralisation can achieve this by enabling earlier and more accurate diagnoses, personalized treatments, and remote monitoring, while applications such as nanomedicine, nano diagnostics, and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems are helping to shift the focus from treating illnesses – often when they are too well established – to preventing or catching them early.
By improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs, nanotech innovation is also helping to create a more patient-centric and accessible healthcare system.
Further nanotechnology investment and research can only speed the beneficial transition to a decentralized early intervention healthcare model.
Utilizing Light and Autonomous Nanoparticles in the War Against Cancer
Chemotherapy that does not harm the body, but effectively fights cancer cells: that is the goal of chemist Sylvestre Bonnet and his team. During his Ph.D. research, chemist Xuequan Zhou brought that goal a little closer. He developed molecules that, upon injection into the bloodstream, self-assemble into nanoparticles that accumulate in the tumor. Targeted irradiation with visible light then attacks the tumor. The research has now been published in Nature Chemistry.
"Conventional anti-cancer drugs often do not differentiate enough between good and bad cells," Bonnet explains. "They kill them both." The researchers have come up with a solution to this problem: nanoparticles that target the tumor and only become active under the influence of visible light. "This anticancer phototherapy allows doctors to treat a specific part of the body without damaging the rest. It is already in use in several hospitals."
Molecules that form nanoparticles by themselves
Until now, chemists had to first attach the chemotherapy drugs to nanoparticles in the lab. Doctors then administered them by injection into the patient's bloodstream. Conjugation to the nanoparticles helped the chemotherapy find the tumor. Zhou's drug works slightly differently. "The lab work is no longer necessary," he says. "You can administer the molecules directly. Once in the blood, nanoparticles then form all by themselves."
And that has several advantages, says Zhou. "First, it saves a lot of work and preparation time. But in addition, it is also safer and more effective." Making nanoparticles in the lab is complicated: it always creates a mix of particles with varied sizes and therefore different properties. It is difficult to precisely determine the composition of that mix. So you are never 100% sure how these particles are going to behave in your body.
Zhou says, "With a molecule, this is more straightforward: when you make molecules, chemical analysis allows you to determine whether they are pure." Bonnet adds, "If you then inject these molecules into the blood, the resulting nanoparticles are all really similar. That is because the body processes those molecules all in the same way."
Xuequan's molecule is a so-called palladium complex—a molecule with a metallic core made of palladium. Normally, the palladium atom is connected to four nitrogen atoms, but Zhou replaced two of those nitrogen atoms with carbon atoms. When irradiated with green light, the palladium complex gains extra energy. That extra energy causes the complex to transfer electrons to the oxygen molecules (O2) already present in the irradiated cells. This mechanism creates a reactive oxygen species that kills cancer cells.
In 2020, Zhou also made a cancer drug with self-assembling properties. "However, this new molecule is one step further," he says. "By binding not one but two carbon atoms to the metal, the drug is now activated under green light, instead of blue." Green light allows better penetration into body tissue and is therefore much more useful for therapy in mice. "Our ultimate goal is a drug that works under infrared light," says Bonnet. "That light would allow even deeper penetration. It would allow us to fight larger tumors deep inside the body of human patients."
This new study followed a better, clinically more relevant approach. In the first study, Zhou and his colleagues injected the drug directly into the tumor. "This time we went a step further and looked in mouse models where the drug was injected into the bloodstream," he says. "After all, this is also how it would be done in hospitals. We wanted to know whether the drug nanoparticles would survive the conditions in the body. And fortunately, that was the case."
Zhou's molecule proved to be very effective. "Ten percent of the administered drug reaches the tumor," says Bonnet. "Out of every 100 molecules we administer, ten arrive at the destination. For many nanomedicines, that percentage is much lower. A study a few years ago showed that the average is only 0.7%."
How exactly is this possible? Molecules that form nanoparticles by themselves? "We don't exactly know that ourselves either," Bonnet admits. "We know palladium is critical, and Xuequan discovered that proteins in the blood probably play a role as well. If those proteins are missing, the nanoparticles keep growing and become so big that they eventually no longer stay in solution. It hence seems that the proteins limit the growth of the nanoparticles, but we cannot yet precisely tell how. We know it is effective. That's the most important thing. But why it does work so well? That's what further research will have to show."
White-Paper: Quantum Dots
Introduction
Quantum dots are nanocrystals that are usually composed of semiconductor materials, such as cadmium selenide, lead sulfide, or indium arsenide. These nanocrystals are typically between 2 and 10 nanometers in size, and they have unique electronic and optical properties that make them valuable in many commercial applications.
"New frontiers in the field of nanotechnology are being revolutionized by Quantum Dot technology, with potential applications ranging from electronics to energy to biotechnology. This technology is pushing the boundaries of what is possible and is paving the way for a more innovative and sustainable future." - Chad Mirkin, Professor of Chemistry and Director of the International Institute for Nanotechnology at Northwestern University.
Real-World Examples of Quantum Dots
One of the most significant applications of quantum dots is in the production of high-quality displays for televisions, computer monitors, and mobile devices. Quantum dots can be used to enhance the color gamut of these displays, resulting in a much wider range of colors and a more lifelike picture.
Another example of quantum dots in action is in the production of medical imaging technologies. Quantum dots can be used to create contrast agents that improve the accuracy and resolution of medical images. This has the potential to improve the accuracy of diagnoses and the effectiveness of treatments.
Quantum dots are also being used in the field of energy production. Researchers are exploring ways to use quantum dots to create highly efficient solar cells that can convert more of the sun's energy into electricity.
One of the challenges in solar cell technology is that the efficiency of the cells is limited by their ability to absorb different wavelengths of light. This is because different materials are required to absorb different wavelengths of light, which can be difficult and expensive to integrate into a single solar cell. However, quantum dots offer a solution to this problem.
Quantum dots are able to absorb different wavelengths of light depending on their size, shape, and composition. By controlling these parameters, researchers can create quantum dots that can absorb a wide range of wavelengths of light, making them highly efficient at converting solar energy into electricity. Additionally, because quantum dots can be produced using low-cost materials and simple manufacturing techniques, they have the potential to reduce the cost of solar cell production.
Commercial Applications of Quantum Dots
The commercial applications of quantum dots are vast and varied. Some of the most promising applications include:
Display Technology - Quantum dots are being used to create displays with enhanced color accuracy and brightness. This technology is already being used in high-end televisions and computer monitors, and it is expected to become more widespread in the coming years.
Medical Imaging - Quantum dots are being used to create contrast agents that can improve the accuracy and resolution of medical images. This technology has the potential to revolutionize medical imaging and improve the accuracy of diagnoses.
Lighting - Quantum dots are being used to create highly efficient, long-lasting LED lighting systems. These lighting systems have the potential to reduce energy consumption and provide more sustainable lighting solutions.
Energy Production - Researchers are exploring ways to use quantum dots to create highly efficient solar cells that can convert more of the sun's energy into electricity. This technology has the potential to provide a more sustainable and renewable energy source.
Conclusion
Quantum dots are a fascinating technology that has the potential to revolutionize many industries. From display technology to medical imaging to energy production, quantum dots are already being used in a wide range of applications. As research continues, it is likely that we will see even more commercial applications of this exciting technology in the years to come.
Jason Hartlove, CEO of Nanosys, a leading developer of quantum dot technology for displays. Commented on the use and application of this technology in more detail, stating that;
"Quantum dots represent a truly disruptive technology for the display industry. They enable a huge leap forward in color performance and deliver on the promise of more lifelike and immersive visual experiences for consumers."
Silver Nanoparticles Propel Major Advancements in Thermoelectric Power Production
Several high-performance thermoelectric materials have been discovered over the past two decades, but without efficient devices to convert the energy they produce into emission-free power, their promise has been unfulfilled. Now an international team of scientists led by a University of Houston physicist and several of his former students has reported a new approach to constructing the thermoelectric modules, using silver nanoparticles to connect the modules' electrode and metallization layers.
The work, described in a paper published May 1 in Nature Energy, should accelerate the development of advanced modules for power generation and other uses. The use of silver nanoparticles was tested for stability in modules built of three different state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials, designed to operate across a wide range of temperatures.
Thermoelectric materials have drawn increasing interest because of their potential as a source of clean energy, produced when the material converts heat—such as waste heat generated by power plants or other industrial processes—into electricity by exploiting the flow of heat current from a warmer area to a cooler area. But taking advantage of that ability requires finding a material that can connect the hot and cool sides of the material both electrically and thermally, without interfering with the material's performance.
The connective material, or solder, is melted to create an interface between the two sides. That means the solder must have a higher melting point than the operating temperature of the device in order to remain stable while the device is working, said Zhifeng Ren, director of the Texas Center for Superconductivity at UH and a corresponding author on the paper. If the thermoelectric material operates at hotter temperatures, the connective layer will re-melt.
But it can also be a problem if the connective material has too high a melting point, because high temperatures can affect the stability and performance of the thermoelectric materials during the connection process. The ideal connective material, then, would both have a relatively low melting point for assembling the module, so as not to destabilize the thermoelectric materials, but then be able to withstand high operating temperatures without re-melting.
Silver has valuable properties for such a connective material, with high thermal conductivity and high electrical conductivity. But it also has a relatively high melting point, at 962 degrees Centigrade, which can affect the stability of many thermoelectric materials. For this work, the researchers took advantage of the fact that silver nanoparticles have a much lower melting point than bulk silver. The nanoparticles returned to a bulk state after the module was assembled, regaining the higher melting point for operations.
"If you make silver into nanoparticles, the melting point could be as low as 400 degrees or 500 degrees C, depending on the particle size. That means you can use the device at 600 C or 700 C with no problem, as long as the operating temperature remains below the melting point of bulk silver, or 962 C," said Ren, who is also M.D. Anderson Professor of Physics at UH.
He worked on the project with five former students and post-doctoral researchers from the Ren research group; they are now at the Harbin Institute of Technology in Shenzhen, China, and the Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing.
The researchers tested the silver nanoparticles with three well-known thermoelectric materials, each of which operates at a different temperature.
A lead tellurium-based module, which works at a low temperature of about 573 Kelvin up to about 823 K (300 C to 550 C) produced a heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency of about 11% and remained stable after 50 thermal cycles, according to the researchers.
They also used the silver nanoparticles as the connective material in modules using low-temperature bismuth telluride and a half-Heusler high-temperature material, indicating the concept would work for a variety of thermoelectric materials and purposes.
Different materials are used depending on the intended heat source, Ren said, to ensure the materials can withstand the applied heat. "But this paper proves that whatever the material, we can use the same silver nanoparticles for the solder as long as the applied heat does not go above 960 degrees C," in order to remain below the melting point of bulk silver, he said.
MIT and University of Tokyo's Boron Nitride Research May Unlock Commercial Applications as a Carbon Substitute
The recent development of Boron Nitride by MIT and the University of Tokyo has the potential to open up new commercial applications and could potentially surpass carbon in certain areas. Here are a few possible applications:
Thermal Management: Boron Nitride has high thermal conductivity and can be used in heat sinks and thermal interface materials to improve the efficiency of electronic devices.
Lubricants: Boron Nitride has a low coefficient of friction and is an excellent lubricant. It could be used in applications where conventional lubricants fail or degrade quickly.
Structural materials: Boron Nitride is extremely hard and strong, making it an ideal candidate for structural materials in aerospace and defense applications.
Biomedical applications: Boron Nitride has low toxicity and high biocompatibility, making it suitable for use in biomedical applications such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, and implants.
Electrical insulators: Boron Nitride is an excellent electrical insulator and can be used in high-voltage electrical equipment and other applications where electrical insulation is required.
Overall, the development of Boron Nitride by MIT and the University of Tokyo is a significant breakthrough that could lead to a range of new commercial applications in various industries.
Engineered nanoparticles could help store excess carbon dioxide in the ocean
The urgent need to remove excess carbon dioxide from Earth's environment could include enlisting some of our planet's smallest inhabitants, according to an international research team led by Michael Hochella of the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Hochella and his colleagues examined the scientific evidence for seeding the oceans with iron-rich engineered fertilizer particles near ocean plankton. The goal would be to feed phytoplankton, microscopic plants that are a key part of the ocean ecosystem, to encourage growth and carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake. The analysis article appears in the journal Nature Nanotechnology.
"The idea is to augment existing processes," said Hochella, a Laboratory fellow at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. "Humans have fertilized the land to grow crops for centuries. We can learn to fertilize the oceans responsibly."
In nature, nutrients from the land reach oceans through rivers and blowing dust to fertilize plankton. The research team proposes moving this natural process one step further to help remove excess CO2 through the ocean. They studied evidence that suggests adding specific combinations of carefully engineered materials could effectively fertilize the oceans, encouraging phytoplankton to act as a carbon sink.
The organisms would take up carbon in large quantities. Then, as they die, they would sink deep into the ocean, taking the excess carbon with them. Scientists say this proposed fertilization would simply speed up a natural process that already safely sequesters carbon in a form that could remove it from the atmosphere for thousands of years.
"At this point, time is of the essence," said Hochella. "To combat rising temperatures, we must decrease CO2 levels on a global scale. Examining all our options, including using the oceans as a CO2 sink, gives us the best chance of cooling the planet."
Pulling insights from the literature
In their analysis, the researchers argue that engineered nanoparticles offer several attractive attributes. They could be highly controlled and specifically tuned for different ocean environments. Surface coatings could help the particles attach to plankton. Some particles also have light-absorbing properties, allowing plankton to consume and use more CO2.
The general approach could also be tuned to meet the needs of specific ocean environments. For example, one region might benefit most from iron-based particles, while silicon-based particles may be most effective elsewhere, they say.
The researchers' analysis of 123 published studies showed that numerous non-toxic metal-oxygen materials could safely enhance plankton growth. The stability, Earth abundance, and ease of creation of these materials make them viable options as plankton fertilizers, they argue.
The team also analyzed the cost of creating and distributing different particles. While the process would be substantially more expensive than adding non-engineered materials, it would also be significantly more effective.
Researchers reveal new knowledge of microscopic creature's durability
University of Wyoming researchers have gained further insight into the biological processes that allow microscopic creatures called tardigrades to survive extreme conditions, including being completely dried out in suspended animation for years.
Thomas Boothby, an assistant professor of molecular biology, and colleagues discovered how a sugar called trehalose works with proteins to allow tardigrades to survive a severe lack of water. Their research appears in the journal Communications Biology.
Measuring less than half a millimetre long, tardigrades—also known as water bears—can survive being completely dried out; being frozen to just above absolute zero (about minus 458 degrees Fahrenheit, when all molecular motion stops); heated to more than 300 degrees Fahrenheit; irradiated several thousand times beyond what a human could withstand; and even survive the vacuum of outer space.
Tardigrades' ability to survive being dried out has puzzled scientists, as they do so in a manner that appears to differ from a number of other organisms with the ability to enter suspended animation. At one time, scientists thought tardigrades did not manufacture trehalose to survive drying up, but Boothby and his team found that they do produce the sugar—just at lower levels than other organisms.
The researchers also found that in tardigrades, trehalose works synergistically with another tardigrade-specific protein called CAHS D.
Ultimately, Boothby and other researchers hope that their discoveries can be applied to help solve societal and global health issues—in this case, water scarcity. Their work might lead to better ways of stabilizing pharmaceuticals and generating engineered crops that can cope with harsh environments.
"A long-term goal of this field is to understand better how to confer the adaptation abilities of tardigrades to organisms that do not naturally survive drying," Boothby says. "This study and its findings provide a compelling argument that to do so may require the combination of different, synergistic protectants."
Source
Multi-organ chip detects dangerous nanoparticles
What happens when we breathe in nanoparticles emitted by, for example, a laser printer? Could these nanoparticles damage the respiratory tract or perhaps even other organs? To answer these questions, Fraunhofer researchers are developing the "NanoCube" exposure device.
The Nanocube's integrated multi-organ chip set up in the laboratory of the Technical University of Berlin (TU Berlin) and by its spin-off organization "TissUse" detects interaction between nanoparticles and lung cells, the uptake of nanoparticles into the bloodstream and possible effects on the liver.
Having a laser printer right next to your workstation is certainly very practical. That being said, there is the risk that these machines, just like 3D printers, could emit aerosols during operation that contain, among other things, nanoparticles—particles that are between one and one hundred nanometers in size. By comparison, one hair is about 60,000 to 80,000 nanometers thick.
Nanoparticles are also produced by passing road vehicles, for example, through the abrasion of tires. As yet, however, little is known about how these particles affect the human body when they are inhaled into the lungs. Until now, the only way to study this would have been by animal testing. What's more, large sample quantities of the relevant aerosol would have to be collected at great expense.
Directly measurable biological impact
Researchers from the Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM and the Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing SCAI are collaborating with TU Berlin and its spin-off organization TissUse GmbH on the "NanoINHAL" project to investigate the impact of nanoparticles on the human body.
"We are able to analyze the biological impact of the aerosols directly and easily using in vitro methods—and without animal testing," says Dr. Tanja Hansen, Group Manager at Fraunhofer ITEM.
Combining two existing technologies has made this possible: The multi-organ chip Humimic Chip3 from TU Berlin and its spin-off organization TissUse, and the P.R.I.T. ExpoCube, developed by Fraunhofer ITEM. The Humimic Chip3 is a chip the size of a standard laboratory slide measuring 76 x 26 mm. Tissue cultures miniaturized 100,000-fold can be placed on it, with nutrient solutions supplied to the tissue cultures by micropumps. In this way, for example, tissue samples of the lung and liver and their interaction with nanoparticles can be artificially recreated.
Four of these multi-organ chips fit into the P.R.I.T. ExpoCube. This is an exposure device used to study airborne substances such as aerosols in vitro. Using a sophisticated system of micropumps, heating electronics, aerosol lines and sensors, the ExpoCube is able to expose the cell samples on the multi-organ chip to various aerosols or even nanoparticles at the air-liquid interface—as in the human lung—in a controllable and reproducible manner.
The nanoparticles flow through a microduct, from which several branches lead downward to conduct the air and nanoparticles to the four multi-organ chips. "If lung cells are to be exposed at the air-liquid interface, numerous parameters come into play, such as temperature, the flow of the culture medium in the chip, and the aerosol flow. This makes experiments of this kind very complicated," Hansen explains.
The system is currently undergoing further optimization. At the end of the project, the combination of NanoCube and multi-organ chip will facilitate detailed studies of aerosols in vitro. Only then will it be possible to investigate the direct impact of the potentially harmful nanoparticles on the respiratory tract and, at the same time, possible effects on other organs, such as the liver.
Simulations help to optimize development
But how can aerosols, in particular nanoparticles, be directed towards lung cells in such a way that a specified quantity is deposited on the cell surface? This is where the expertise of Fraunhofer SCAI comes in: The researchers studied this point and similar aspects in a simulation. They had to overcome special challenges in the process: For example, the physical and numerical models required for a detailed simulation of nanoparticles are significantly more complex than for particles with larger diameters. This, in turn, causes a significant increase in computing time.
But the time and effort are worth it, because the computationally intensive simulation helps to optimize the real-life test system. Let's take an example: As mentioned above, the aerosol has to flow through a line from which several branches extend downward to direct the nanoparticles onto the multi-organ chips, with conditions at the sampling points that are as identical as possible.
The inertial forces of the nanoparticles are low, however, so the particles would be less likely to move out of the diverted flow path and onto the cell surface. Gravity alone is not sufficient in this case. The researchers resolve the issue by exploiting the phenomenon of thermophoresis.
"This relates to a force in a fluid with a temperature gradient that causes the particles to migrate to the cooler side," explains Dr. Carsten Brodbeck, Project Manager at Fraunhofer SCAI. "By allowing the aerosol to flow through the line in a heated state, while the cells are cultivated naturally at body temperature, the nanoparticles move towards the cells, which the simulation clearly shows."
The researchers also used simulations to investigate how to achieve the highest possible temperature gradient without damaging the cells and how the corresponding device should be constructed. They also examined how different flow speeds and supply line geometries would affect uptake.
The temperature distribution in the exposure device was optimized by selecting different materials, making adjustments to the geometry and modifying the cooling and heating design. "Using simulations, we can quickly and easily change the boundary conditions and understand the effects of these changes. We can also see things that would remain hidden in experiments," explains Brodbeck.
The basic technological problems have been solved. Now, the initial prototype of the NanoCube exposure device, including a multi-organ chip, is expected to be ready in the fall, after which the first experiments with the system will be carried out.
For now, the researchers at Fraunhofer are using reference particles instead of aerosols from printers, for example, nanoparticles from zinc oxide or what is known as "carbon black", i.e. the black pigment in printing ink. In future practical applications, the measuring system is to be set up wherever the nanoparticles are produced, for example, next to a laser printer.
Innovative test system for toxic effects
The NanoINHAL project will see the creation of an innovative test system that can be used to investigate the toxic effects of airborne nanoparticles on cells in the respiratory tract and lungs, as well as on downstream organs such as the liver.
Due to the combination of two organ systems in a microphysiological system, it will also be possible to study the uptake and distribution of nanoparticles in the organism. In the future, the test system will provide data on the long-term effects of inhaled nanoparticles as well as their biokinetics. This will play a major role in assessing the potential health hazard posed by such particles.
Exploring bioresponsive polymers for nanomedicine
Dr. Sabina Quader, senior research scientist of the Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, together with Dr. Joachim van-Guyse, assistant professor at Leiden University, has published a review article titled "Bioresponsive Polymers for Nanomedicine-Expectations and Reality!" in the journal Polymers.
Bioresponsive polymers or polymers with bioactive moieties have attracted significant attention in the field of nanomedicine because their interaction with biology enables targeted delivery and controlled release of therapeutic agents. In addition, the recent expansion of insight into complex biology and the diversification of the design and synthesis of functional polymers continue to drive innovation in nanomedicine.
Bioresponsive polymers in nanomedicine have been widely perceived to selectively activate the therapeutic function of nanomedicine at diseased or pathological sites, while sparing their healthy counterparts. This idea can be described as an advanced version of Paul Ehrlich's magic bullet concept.
From that perspective, the inherent anomalies or malfunction of the pathological sites are generally targeted to allow the selective activation or sensory function of nanomedicine. Nonetheless, while the primary goals and expectations in developing bioresponsive polymers are to elicit exclusive selectivity of therapeutic action at diseased sites, this remains difficult to achieve in practice.
Numerous research efforts have been undertaken, and are ongoing, to tackle this fine-tuning. This review summarizes key findings of biological relevance that are often used in the design of bioresponsive polymers to provide a foundation for discussion and to identify gaps between expectations and current reality.
Simple technique ushers in long-sought class of semiconductors
Breakthroughs in modern microelectronics depend on understanding and manipulating the movement of electrons in metal. Reducing the thickness of metal sheets to the order of nanometers can enable exquisite control over how the metal's electrons move. By doing so, one can impart properties that aren't seen in bulk metals, such as ultrafast conduction of electricity. Now, researchers from Osaka University and collaborating partners have synthesized a novel class of nanostructured superlattices. This study enables an unusually high degree of control over the movement of electrons within metal semiconductors, which promises to enhance the functionality of everyday technologies.
Precisely tuning the architecture of metal nanosheets, and thus facilitating advanced microelectronic functionalities, remains an ongoing line of work worldwide. In fact, several Nobel prizes have been awarded on this topic. Researchers conventionally synthesize nanostructured superlattices—regularly alternating layers of metals, sandwiched together—from materials of the same dimension; for example, sandwiched 2D sheets. A key aspect of the present researchers' work is its facile fabrication of hetero-dimensional superlattices; for example, 1D nanoparticle chains sandwiched within 2D nanosheets.
"Nanoscale hetero-dimensional superlattices are typically challenging to prepare, but can exhibit valuable physical properties, such as anisotropic electrical conductivity," explains Yung-Chang Lin, senior author. "We developed a versatile means of preparing such structures, and in so doing we will inspire synthesis of a wide range of custom superstructures."
The researchers used chemical vapor deposition—a common nanofabrication technique in industry—to prepare vanadium-based superlattices. These magnetic semiconductors exhibit what is known as an anisotropic anomalous Hall effect (AHE): meaning directionally focused charge accumulation under in-plane magnetic field conditions (in which the conventional Hall effect isn't observed). Usually, the AHE is observed only at ultra-low temperatures. In the present research, the AHE was observed at room temperature and higher, up to around at least the boiling point of water. Generation of the AHE at practical temperatures will facilitate its use in everyday technologies.
"A key promise of nanotechnology is its provision of functionalities that you can't get from bulk materials," states Lin. "Our demonstration of an unconventional anomalous Hall effect at room temperature and above opens up a wealth of possibilities for future semiconductor technology, all accessible by conventional nanofabrication processes."
The present work will help improve the density of data storage, the efficiency of lighting, and the speed of electronic devices. By precisely controlling the nanoscale architecture of metals that are commonly used in industry, researchers will fabricate uniquely versatile technology that surpasses the functionality of natural materials.
The article, "Heterodimensional superlattice with room-temperature anomalous Hall effect," was published in Nature.
Nanoparticles increase light scattering, boost solar cell performance
As demand for solar energy rises around the world, scientists are working to improve the performance of solar devices—important if the technology is to compete with traditional fuels. But researchers face theoretical limits on how efficient they can make solar cells.
One method for pushing efficiency beyond those limits involves adding up-conversion nanoparticles to the materials used in the solar devices. Up-conversion materials allow solar cells to harvest energy from a wider spectrum of light than normally possible. A team of scientists testing this approach found the nanoparticles boosted efficiency, but not for the reason they expected. Their research may suggest a new path forward for developing more efficient solar devices.
"Some researchers in the literature have hypothesized and showed results that up-conversion nanoparticles provide a boost in performance," said Shashank Priya, associate vice president for research and professor of materials science and engineering at Penn State. "But this research shows that it doesn't matter if you put in up-conversion nanoparticles or any other nanoparticles—they will show the boosted efficiency because of the enhance light scattering."
Adding nanoparticles is like adding millions of small mirrors inside a solar cell, the scientists said. Light traveling through the device hits the nanoparticles and scatters, potentially hitting other nanoparticles and reflecting many times within the device and providing a noticeable photocurrent enhancement.
The scientists said this light scattering process and not up-conversion led to boosted efficiency in solar devices they created.
"It doesn't matter what nanoparticles you put in, as long as they are nanosized with specific scattering properties it always leads to an increase in efficiency by a few percentage points," Kai Wang said, assistant research professor in Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and co-author of the study. "I think our research provides a nice explanation on why this type of composite light absorbing structure is interesting for the solar community."
Up-conversion nanoparticles work by absorbing infrared light and emitting visible light that solar cell can absorb and convert into additional power. Almost half of the energy from the sun reaches the Earth as infrared light, but most solar cells are unable to harvest it. Scientists have proposed that tapping into this could push solar cell efficiency past its theoretical ceiling, the Shockley-Queisser (SQ) limit, which is around 30% for single-junction solar cells powered by sunlight.
Previous studies have shown a 1% to 2% boost in efficiency using up-conversion nanoparticles. But the team found these materials provided only a very small boost in perovskite solar devices they created, the scientists said.
"We were focused initially on up-converting infrared light to the visible spectrum for absorption and energy conversion by perovskite, but the data from our Penn State colleagues indicated this was not a significant process," said Jim Piper, co-author and emeritus professor at Macquarie University, Australia. "Subsequently we provided undoped nanocrystals that do not give optical up-conversion and they were just as effective in enhancing the energy conversion efficiency."
The team performed theoretical calculations and found the boost in efficiency instead resulted from the nanoparticles' ability to improve light scattering.
"We started to basically play around with nanoparticle distribution in the model, and we started to see that as you distribute the particles far away from each other, you start to see some enhanced scattering," said Thomas Brown, associate professor at the University of Rome. "Then we had this breakthrough."
Adding the nanoparticles boosted the efficiency of perovskite solar cells by 1% in the study, the scientists reported in the journal ACS Energy Letters. The scientists said changing the shape, size and distribution of nanoparticles within these devices could yield higher efficiencies.
"So some optimum shape, distribution or size can actually lead to even more photocurrent enchantment," Priya said. "That could be the future research direction based on ideas from this research."
A new look at disordered carbon
When carbon atoms stack into a perfectly repeating three-dimensional crystal, they can form precious diamonds. Arranged another way, in repetitive flat sheets, carbon makes the shiny gray graphite found in pencils. But there are other forms of carbon that are less well understood. Amorphous carbon—usually a sooty black material—has no repetitive molecular structure, making it challenging to study.
Now, researchers at the University of Chicago's Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering (PME) have utilized a new framework for understanding the electronic properties of amorphous carbon. Their findings let scientists better predict how the material conducts electricity and absorbs light, and were published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
"We need to understand how disordered carbon works at a molecular level to be able to engineer this material for applications like solar energy conversion," said Giulia Galli, the Liew Family Professor of Molecular Engineering and Professor of Chemistry at the University of Chicago. Galli also holds a senior scientist appointment at Argonne National Laboratory, where she is the director of the MICCoM center.
For decades, scientists have modeled the way the atoms move in amorphous carbon using the laws of classical mechanics—the set of equations that describe, for example, how a car accelerates or how a ball falls through the air. For some heavy atoms of the periodic table, these classical equations are a good approximation to accurately capture many of the materials' properties. But for many forms of carbon, and amorphous carbons in particular, the team led by Galli has found that using these classical equations to describe the movement of atoms falls short.
"Amorphous carbon has many properties that make it valuable for a number of applications, however modeling and simulating its properties at the fundamental level is challenging," said postdoctoral research scholar Arpan Kundu, Ph.D., the first author of the paper.
Galli has spent the last thirty years developing and applying quantum mechanical methods to model and simulate the properties of molecules and solids. She originally investigated amorphous carbon at the very beginning of her career, and she has recently returned to the challenge with new insight.
Galli, Kundu and undergraduate physics researcher Yunxiang (Tony) Song carried out new simulations of the electronic properties of amorphous carbon, this time integrating quantum principles to describe the movements of both the electrons and nuclei of carbon atoms. They found that using quantum mechanics for both—rather than classical mechanics for the nuclei—is critical to accurately predict the properties of amorphous carbon.
For instance, using their refined, quantum mechanical models, the PME team predicted a higher electrical conductivity than would have been otherwise expected.
The findings reported in the PNAS article are useful not only for understanding amorphous carbon, but other similar amorphous solids as well, the researchers said. But they also pointed out that much more work remains to be done—disordered carbon materials can exhibit radically different properties depending on their density, which in turn depends on the method used to prepare the material.
"When something is arranged in a crystal, you know exactly what its structure is, but once it is disordered, it can be disordered in many possible ways," said Kundu.
The team plans to continue studying amorphous carbon and its potential applications.
Nanoparticle 'backpacks' restore damaged stem cells
Within a newborn's umbilical cord lie potentially life-saving stem cells that can be used to fight diseases like lymphoma and leukemia. That is why many new parents elect to store ("bank") their infant's stem cell-rich umbilical cord blood. But in the 6–15% of pregnancies affected by gestational diabetes, parents lack this option because the condition damages the stem cells and renders them useless.
Now, in a study forthcoming in Communications Biology, bioengineers at the University of Notre Dame have shown that a new strategy can restore the damaged stem cells and enable them to grow new tissues again.
At the heart of this new approach are specially engineered nanoparticles. At just 150 nanometers in diameter—about a quarter of the size of a red blood cell—each spherical nanoparticle is able to store medicine and deliver it just to the stem cells themselves by attaching directly onto the stem cells' surface. Due to their special formulation or "tuning," the particles release the medicine slowly, making it highly effective even at very low doses.
Donny Hanjaya-Putra, an assistant professor of aerospace and mechanical engineering in the bioengineering graduate program at Notre Dame who directs the lab where the study was conducted, described the process using an analogy. "Each stem cell is like a soldier. It is smart and effective; it knows where to go and what to do. But the 'soldiers' we are working with are injured and weak. By providing them with this nanoparticle 'backpack,' we are giving them what they need to work effectively again."
The main test for the new "backpack"-equipped stem cells was whether or not they could form new tissues. Hanjaya-Putra and his team tested damaged cells without "backpacks" and observed that they moved slowly and formed imperfect tissues. But when Hanjaya-Putra and his team applied "backpacks," previously damaged stem cells began forming new blood vessels, both when inserted in synthetic polymers and when implanted under the skin of lab mice, two environments meant to simulate the conditions of the human body.
Although it may be years before this new technique reaches actual health care settings, Hanjaya-Putra explained that it has the clearest path of any method developed so far. "Methods that involve injecting the medicine directly into the bloodstream come with many unwanted risks and side effects," Hanjaya-Putra said. In addition, new methods like gene editing face a long journey to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. But Hanjaya-Putra's technique used only methods and materials already approved for clinical settings by the FDA.
Hanjaya-Putra attributed the study's success to a highly interdisciplinary group of researchers. "This was a collaboration between chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, biology and medicine—and I always find that the best science happens at the intersection of several different fields."
The study's lead author was former Notre Dame postdoctoral student Loan Bui, now a faculty member at the University of Dayton in Ohio; stem cell biologist Laura S. Haneline and former postdoctoral fellow Shanique Edwards from the Indiana University School of Medicine; Notre Dame Bioengineering doctoral students Eva Hall and Laura Alderfer; Notre Dame undergraduates Pietro Sainaghi, Kellen Round and 2021 valedictorian Madeline Owen; Prakash Nallathamby, research assistant professor, aerospace and mechanical engineering; and Siyuan Zhang from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.
The researchers hope their approach will be used to restore cells damaged by other types of pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia. "Instead of discarding the stem cells," Hanjaya-Putra said, "in the future we hope clinicians will be able to rejuvenate them and use them to regenerate the body. For example, a baby born prematurely due to preeclampsia may have to stay in the NICU with an imperfectly formed lung. We hope our technology can improve this child's developmental outcomes."